Table 1.
Demographics and clinical characteristics in MAFLD patients stratified by diabetes status.
| Overall Cohort (n = 2344) |
Non-DM Cohort (n = 1172) |
DM Cohort (n = 1172) |
p-Value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Male, gender (%) | 1061 (45.3) | 541 (46.2) | 520 (44.4) | 0.384 |
| Age, years. | 60 (48.67) | 60 (48.67) | 60 (48.67) | 0.995 |
| Ethnicity (%) | <0.001 | |||
| Non-Hispanic White | 911 (38.9) | 521 (44.5) | 390 (33.3) | |
| Non-Hispanic Black | 519 (22.1) | 243 (20.7) | 276 (23.5) | |
| Mexican American | 833 (35.5) | 373 (31.9) | 460 (39.2) | |
| Other | 81 (3.5) | 35 (3.0) | 46 (3.9) | |
| PIR | <0.001 | |||
| <1 | 533 (25.2) | 228 (21.5) | 305 (28.9) | |
| 1 ≤ PIR < median | 523 (24.7) | 235 (22.2) | 288 (27.3) | |
| ≥median | 1058 (50.0) | 597 (56.3) | 461 (43.7) | |
| Hypertension (%) | 908 (38.8) | 435 (37.1) | 473 (40.4) | 0.1 |
| BMI | <0.001 | |||
| <25 | 341 (14.6) | 206 (17.7) | 135 (11.6) | |
| 25 ≤ BMI < 30 | 856 (36.7) | 465 (39.9) | 391 (33.5) | |
| ≥30 | 1134 (48.6) | 493 (42.4) | 641 (54.9) | |
| ALT (U/L) | 16 (12, 24) | 15 (11, 21) | 18 (13, 27) | <0.001 |
| AST (U/L) | 20 (17, 27) | 20 (17, 26) | 20 (17, 27) | 0.45 |
| ALP (U/L) | 90 (74, 110) | 86 (71, 103) | 95 (77, 117) | <0.001 |
| CRP (mg/dL) | 0.3 (0.2, 0.7) | 0.2 (0.2, 0.6) | 0.4 (0.2, 0.9) | <0.001 |
| FRP (ng/mL) | 127 (65, 243) | 110 (55, 196) | 153 (77, 285) | <0.001 |
| Vitamin A (umol/L) | 2.0 (1.7, 2.4) | 2.1 (1.8, 2.5) | 2.0 (1.6, 2.4) | <0.001 |
| Vitamin C (umol/L) | 36.9 (18.2, 53.4) | 38.0 (17.0, 55.6) | 35.8 (18.7, 51.7) | 0.105 |
| Vitamin E (umol/L) | 26.8 (21.6, 33.6) | 26.5 (21.5, 32.6) | 27.17 (21.6, 35.0) | 0.011 |
| Serum selenium (nmol/L) | 1.6 (1.4, 1.7) | 1.6 (1.4, 1.7) | 1.6 (1.5, 1.7) | <0.001 |
| PLT (* 109/L) | 267.0 (224.5, 318.3) | 271.0 (228.0, 320.5) | 263.0 (220.0, 315.5) | 0.023 |
| TC (mmol/L) | 5.6 (4.9, 6.4) | 5.6 (4.9, 6.27) | 5.6 (4.9, 6.5) | 0.078 |
| TG (mmol/L) | 1.9 (1.3, 2.7) | 1.6 (1.15, 2.36) | 2.1 (1.5, 3.1) | <0.001 |
| HDL-C (mmol/L) | 1.2 (1.0, 1.4) | 1.2 (1.0, 1.5) | 1.1 (0.9, 1.3) | <0.001 |
| Total protein (g/L) | 74 (71, 77) | 73 (71, 77) | 75 (72, 78) | <0.001 |
| Albumin (g/L) | 41 (39, 43) | 41 (39, 44) | 41 (38, 43) | <0.001 |
| UA (umol/L) | 333.1 (273.6, 392.6) | 339 (284.0, 398.5) | 327.1 (261.7, 392.6) | 0.001 |
| Scr (mg/dL) | 1.0 (0.9, 1.2) | 1.1 (0.9, 1.2) | 1.0 (0.9, 1.2) | 0.008 |
| eGFR category (%) | <0.001 | |||
| ≥90 (Stage 1 CKD) | 337 (14.9) | 135 (12.1) | 202 (17.7) | |
| 60 ≤ eGFR < 90 (Stage 2 CKD) | 1349 (59.8) | 693 (62.0) | 656 (57.6) | |
| 30 ≤ eGFR < 60 (Stage 3 CKD) | 550 (24.4) | 283 (25.3) | 267 (23.4) | |
| <30 (Stage 4–5 CKD) | 20 (0.9) | 6 (0.5) | 14 (1.2) | |
| FIB-4 category (%) | 0.042 | |||
| <1.3 | 1394 (62.7) | 666 (60.7) | 728 (64.6) | |
| 1.3 ≤ FIB-4 < 2.67 | 742 (33.3) | 393 (35.8) | 349 (31.0) | |
| ≥2.67 | 89 (4.0) | 39 (3.6) | 50 (4.4) | |
| NFS category (%) | <0.001 | |||
| <−1.455 | 846 (37.5) | 580 (51.9) | 266 (23.4) | |
| −1.455 ≤ NFS < 0.676 | 1090 (48.3) | 447 (40.0) | 643 (56.5) | |
| ≥0.676 | 321 (14.2) | 91 (8.1) | 230 (20.2) | |
| Severity of hepatic steatosis (%) | <0.001 | |||
| Mild | 681 (29.1) | 390 (33.3) | 291 (24.8) | |
| Moderate | 1122 (47.9) | 567 (48.4) | 555 (47.4) | |
| Severe | 541 (23.1) | 215 (18.3) | 326 (27.8) | 0.384 |
* Continuous values are presented as median (interquartile range) and categorical variables as count (percentage). DM, diabetes mellitus; Non-DM, patients without diabetes mellitus; PIR, poverty income ratio; BMI, body mass index; ALT, alanine transaminase; AST, aspartate transaminase; ALP, alkaline phosphatase; PLT, serum selenium, platelet; TC, total cholesterol; TG, total triglyceride; HDL-C, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; ALB, total protein, albumin; UA, uric acid; Scr, serum creatinine; eGFR, estimated glomerular filtration rate; NFS, NAFLD fibrosis score; FIB-4, Fibrosis-4 index.