Table 1.
The anti-inflammatory effect of diets.
| Study | Study Design | Participants | Intervention | Neurological Disease | Duration | Outcome Measures | Results |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mousavi-Shirazi-Fard, Z. et al., (2021) [40] | Randomized controlled trial | 100 patients with multiple sclerosis (MS) | Anti-inflammatory diet vs. usual diet | MS | 12 weeks | Serum levels of inflammatory markers (CRP, IL-4, IL-17) Assessment of fatigue and quality of life (MFIS and MSQoL-54) | The anti-inflammatory diet group had significantly increased IL-4 and improvement in MFIS as well as of MSQoL-54 compared to the usual diet group |
| Akbari, M. et al., (2008) [41] | Randomized controlled trial | 80 patients with Alzheimer’s disease (AD) | Ketogenic diet vs. usual diet | AD | 12 weeks | Cognitive function (Mini-Mental State Examination), serum levels of inflammatory markers (IL-6, TNF-alpha) | The ketogenic diet group had significant improvements in cognitive function and reductions in inflammatory markers compared to the usual diet group |
| Phillips, M. C. L. et al., (2018) [42] | Randomized controlled trial | 44 patients with Parkinson’s disease (PD) | Ketogenic diet vs. usual diet | PD | 8 weeks | Serum levels of inflammatory markers motor and nonmotor symptoms | The ketogenic group showed improvements in nonmotor symptoms |
| Singh, B. et al., (2014) [43] | Randomized controlled trial | patients with mild cognitive impairment (MCI) or AD | Mediterranean diet vs. control diet | MCI or AD | 6 months | Serum levels of inflammatory markers cognitive function | The Mediterranean diet is associated with a reduced risk of developing MCI and AD, and a reduced risk of progressing from MCI to AD. |
| Paknahad, Z. et al., (2020) [44] | Randomized controlled trial | 80 patients with PD | Mediterranean diet vs. control diet (Iranian traditional diet) | PD | 3 months | Serum levels of Total Antioxidant Capacity (TAC) and motor function (Unified Parkinson’s Disease Rating Scale) |
The Mediterranean diet had a beneficial effect on TAC and on the severity of the disease |
| Zhang, Y. et al., (2014) [45] | Prospective cohort study | participants | Dietary patterns and risk of PD | N/A | 10 years | Incident cases of PD | Higher adherence to a prudent dietary pattern was associated with a lower risk of PD |
| Gao, X. et al., (2007) [46] | Prospective cohort study | participants | Dietary patterns and risk of PD | N/A | 16 years | Alternate Healthy Eating Index (AHEI) and the alternate Mediterranean Diet Score (aMed) | A higher AHEI or aMED score was associated with a reduced risk of PD the Western pattern increased the risk of PD |
| Lai, J.S., et al., (2014) [47] | Meta-analysis | participants | Dietary patterns and risk of depression | moderate to severe depression | N/A | Depression severity (BDI-II), anxiety (HADS-A), inflammatory markers | A diet high in fruits, vegetables, fish, and whole grains may be associated with reductions in depression severity and anxiety scores, as well as lower levels of inflammatory markers. |
| El-Mallakh, R. S. et al., (2001) [48] | Meta-analysis | patients with depression | Ketogenic diet vs. control diet | depression | N/A | Depression severity (HDRS), anxiety (HAMA), inflammatory markers (CRP, IL-6) | The ketogenic diet group had significant reductions in depression severity and anxiety scores, as well as lower levels of inflammatory markers. |