Table 1.
Pro-apoptotic compounds extracted from macroalgae.
| Source | Compound | Cell Line | IC50 | Treatment Time | Death Receptor Pathway | Mitochondrial Pathway | ROS/Ca2+ Activity | Bcl-2 Family Regulation | Caspases Activation | Others | Ref. | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Carotenoids | Gracilaria sp. | β-carotene | HepG2 | 5.63 μg/mL | 24 h | ✓ | ✓ | ↑Bax ↓Bcl-2 ↑Bad |
3 | PARP cleavage | [44] | |
| Ishige okamurae | Fucoxanthin | B16F10 | 32.94 μg/mL | ↓Bcl-xL | 3 and 9 | PARP cleavage | [45] | |||||
| Anhui University of Chinese Medicine | HeLa | 0.65 μg/mL | ✓ | ↑Bax ↓Bcl-2 |
3 | [46] | ||||||
| Cladosiphon okamurus | Fucoxanthinol | Saos-2 | 6.16 μg/mL | ↓Bcl-2 ↓Bcl-xL |
3, 8, and 9 | [47] | ||||||
| Codium fragile | Siphonaxanthin | HL-60 | 12.01 μg/mL | ✓ | ↓Bcl-2 | 3 | [48] | |||||
| Phenolic Compounds |
Rhodomela confervoides | 1 BDDPM | BEL-7402 | 8.7 μg/mL | 3 and 9 | PARP cleavage | [49] | |||||
| Ecklonia cava | Dieckol | SKOV3 | 100 μg/mL | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ↓Bcl-2 | 3, 8, and 9 | [50] | |||
| AKos Consulting & Solutions | A549 | 25 μg/mL | 3, 8, and 9 | DNA fragmentation Chromatin condensation |
[51] | |||||||
| Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA) | Phloroglucinol | HT-29 | 50 μg/mL | ✓ | ✓ | ↑Bax ↓Bcl-2 ↓Bcl-xL ↑Bad ↑Bid |
3, 8, and 9 | PARP cleavage | [52] | |||
| Phytosterols | Codium fragile | Clerosterol | A2058 | 61.90 μg/mL | ✓ | ↑Bax ↓Bcl-2 |
3 and 9 | DNA fragmentation | [53] | |||
| Marine algae | Fucosterol | HL-60 | 14.19 μg/mL | ✓ | ✓ | 3, 8, and 9 | Presence of apoptotic bodies | [54] | ||||
| Sigma-Aldrich, (St. Louis, MO, USA) | HeLa | 16.50 μg/mL | ✓ | ✓ | PS externalization | [55] | ||||||
| Cayman Chemical Company (Ann Arbor, MI, USA) | ES2 OV90 | 25.75 µg/mL 21.21 µg/mL |
✓ | ✓ | 3 and 9 | [56] | ||||||
| Porphyra dentata | Sterol fraction | 4T1 | 48.3 μg/mL | ✓ | [57] | |||||||
| Glycoproteins | Capsosiphon fulvescens | 2 CF-GP | AGS | 3 μg/mL | ✓ | ✓ | 3, 8, and 9 | [58] | ||||
| Codium decorticatum | 3 GLP | MCF-7 | 60 µg/mL | Nuclear fragmentation | [59] | |||||||
| MDA-MB-231 | 55 μg/mL | ✓ | ✓ | ↑Bax ↓Bcl-2 |
3 and 9 | ↑p53 Chromatin condensation Presence of apoptotic bodies PARP cleavage |
[60] | |||||
| Hizikia fusiformis | 4 HFGP | HepG2 | 25 μg/mL | ✓ | ✓ | ↑Bax ↑Bad |
[61] | |||||
| Polysaccharides | Enteromorpha intestinalis | 5 EI-SP | HepG2 | 98.4 μg/mL | ✓ | ↑Bax ↓Bcl-2 |
3 and 9 | PARP cleavage Chromatin condensation Nuclear fragmentation |
[62] | |||
| Laurencia papillosa | 6 ESC | MDA-MB-231 | 50 µg/mL | ✓ | ↑Bax ↓Bcl-2 |
3, 8, and 9 | ↑p53 | [63] | ||||
| Undaria pinnatifida | Fucoidan | SMMC-7721 | 1000 μg/mL | ✓ | ✓ | ↑Bax ↓Bcl-2 |
3, 8, and 9 | [64] | ||||
| Undaria pinnatifida | PC-3 | 200 μg/mL | ✓ | ↑Bax ↓Bcl-2 |
3, 8, and 9 | PARP cleavage | [65] | |||||
| Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA) | SKM-1 | 560 μg/mL | ✓ | ✓ | 8 and 9 | [32] | ||||||
| Undaria pinnatifida | DU-145 | 750 µg/mL | ↑Bax ↓Bcl-2 |
9 | PARP cleavage | [66] | ||||||
| Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, U.S.A.) | 5637 | 100 μg/mL | ✓ | ✓ | ↑Bax ↓Bcl-2 |
↓c-myc | [67] | |||||
| Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, U.S.A.) | MDA-MB-231 | 25 μg/mL | ✓ | ↑Bax ↓Bcl-2 ↓Bcl-xL ↑Bid |
3 and 9 | [68] | ||||||
| Fucus vesiculosus | LM3 | 400 µg/mL | ↑Bax ↓Bcl-2 |
3, 8, and 9 | [69] | |||||||
| Sigma-Aldrich, (St. Louis, MO, USA) | Laminarin | LoVo | 800 μg/mL | ✓ | ✓ | 3 and 9 | [70] | |||||
| Laminaria japonica | LoVo | 800 μg/mL | ✓ | ✓ | ↑Bid ↑tBid |
3, 6, 7, and 9 | [71] | |||||
| Laminaria digitata | ES2 OV90 |
2000 μg/mL | ✓ | ✓ | DNA fragmentation Endoplasmic reticulum stress |
[72] | ||||||
| Ulva fasciata | 7 Se-PPC | A549 | 2.5 μg/mL | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ↓Bcl-xL ↑Bax ↓Bcl-2 ↑Bid |
3, 8, y 9 | ↑p53 Cell contraction Presence of Apoptotic bodies |
[73] | ||
| Terpenes | Stoechospermum marginatum | 8 DDSD | B16F10 | 3.7 μg/mL | ✓ | ✓ | ↑Bax ↓Bcl-2 |
3 and 9 | PS externalization DNA fragmentation Nuclear condensation |
[74] | ||
| Laurencia dendroidea | (-)-Elatol | 2.52 µg/mL | 2, 4, 6, and 8 | [75] | ||||||||
| Laurencia dendroidea | + (-) Obtusol | Colo-205 | 1.35 µg/mL | 6 | [75] | |||||||
| Pterocladiella capillacea | Mertensene | HT-29 | 90 μg/mL | ✓ | 3 | PARP cleavage | [76] | |||||
| Sargassum macrocarpum | 9 TTB | MDA-MB-231, A549, and HCT116 | 25.35, 20.28, and 19.86 μg/mL | ✓ | ↓Bcl-2 | 3 | PARP cleavage | [77] |
1 BDDPM: Bis (2,3-dibromo-4,5-dihydroxy-phenyl)-methane; 2 CF-GP: Glycoprotein from Capsosiphon fulvescens; 3 GLP: Glycoprotein from Codium decorticatum; 4 HFGP: Glycoprotein from Hizikia fusiformis; 5 EI-SP: Sulphate polysaccharide from Enteromorpha intestinalis; 6 ESC: Extract sulfated carrageenan; 7 Se-PPC: Selenium-Containing Polysaccharide-Protein Complex; 8 DDSD: 5(R),19-diacetoxy-15, 18 (R and S), dihydro spata-13, 16(E)-diene; 9 TTB: Tuberatolide B; A2058: metastasic melanoma; A549: lung cancer; AGS: gastric cancer; Bad: Bcl-2 agonist of cell death; Bax: Bcl-2-associated X protein; Bcl-xL: B-cell lymphoma-extra-large; Bcl-2: B-cell lymphoma 2; BEL-7402: hepatocarcinoma; Bid: BH3- interacting domain death agonist; B16F10: melanoma; Caspase -2, -3, -4, -6, -7, -8, -9: Cysteinyl aspartic acid-protease -2, -3, -4, -6, -7, -8, -9; Colo-205: colorectal cancer: DNA: Deoxyribonucleic Acid; Du-145: prostate cancer; ES2: colorectal cancer; HepG2: hepatocarcinoma; HL-60: leukemia; HT-29: colorectal cancer; LM3: hepatocarcinoma; LoVo: colorectal cancer; MCF-7: breast adenocarcinoma; MDA-MD-231: breast adenocarcinoma; OV90: colorectal cancer; PARP: poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase; PC-3: prostate cancer; Saos-2: osteosarcoma; SKM-1: leukemia; SKOV3: ovarian carcinoma; SMMC-7721: hepatocarcinoma; tBid: Truncated Bid; 4T1: breast adenocarcinoma; 5637: bladder cancer.