Table 1.
Table summarizing the therapeutic products that have been developed from nanobodies, showing the disease and/or condition they target, the antigen targeted, their clinical trial status, manufacturer, and references in the literature to the therapeutic Nbs discussed in this review.
| Product Name | Disease and/or Condition Targeted | Target Antigen | Clinical Trial Status | Manufacturer | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 68-GaNOTA-Anti-HER2 VHH1 1 | Breast carcinoma | HER2 | Phase 2 | Universitair Ziekenhuis Brussel, Brussels, Belgium | [113,114] |
| Ciltacabtagene autoleucel, LCAR-B38M | Refractory/relapsed multiple myeloma | B-cell maturation antigen | Approved | Janssen Research & Development, LLC, Raritan, United States | [123,124,125] |
| 131I-GMIB-Anti-HER2-VHH1 | Breast carcinoma | HER2 | Phase 1 | Precirix, Brussels, Belgium | [132] |
| Calplacizumab | Acquired thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura | Von Willebrand factor | Approved (USA, EU) |
Ablynx, Ghent, Belgium | [133,134] |
| Ozoralizumab | Rheumatoid arthritis | Tumor necrosis factor-alpha | Approved (Japan) |
Taisho Pharmaceuticals, Tokyo, Japan | [135] |
| Vobarilizumab (ALX-0061) |
Rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus | Interleukin-6 receptor |
Phase 2 | Ablynx, Ghent, Belgium | [136,137] |
| Sonelokimab (M1095) | Psoriasis | Interleukin-17A/F | Phase 2 | Bond Avillion 2 Development LP, London, England | [138] |
| Gefurulimab (ALXN1720) | Myasenthia Gravis | Autoantibodies against acetylcholine receptors | Phase 3 | Alexion Pharmaceuticals, Boston, United States | [139] |
| M6495 | Osteoarthritis | A Disintegrin and Metalloproteinase with Thrombospondin Motifs-5 | Phase 1 | Merck KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany | [140] |
| Nb V565 | Crohn’s Disease | Tumor necrosis factor | Phase 2 | VHsquared Ltd., Copenhagen, Denmark | [141] |
| ARP1, VHH batch 203027 | Diarrhea | Rotavirus | Phase 2 | International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Dhaka, Bangladesh | [144] |
| ALX-0171 | Lower respiratory tract infection | Respiratory syncytial virus | Phase 2 | Ablynx, Ghent, Belgium | [145] |
| LMN-101 | Campylobacteriosis | Campylobacter jejuni | Phase 2 | Lumen Bioscience, Inc., Seattle, United States | [146] |
1 Denotes a Nb that is undergoing trials as a possible radioactive tracer for use in PET/SPECT diagnostic imaging but is not in itself a therapeutic product.