(a) Antimicrobial mechanisms of natural HD6 and artificial HDMP. (b) Schematic illustration of HDMP assembly into nanoparticles, then into nanorods and nanofibers upon the incubation of lipoteichoic acid. Schematic illustrations and SEM images of S. aureus treated with (c) HDMP NPs (30 μM) and bare S. aureus (d), indicating that the HDMP NPs transformed into fibrous networks and trapped the S. aureus. The SEM images are representative of three independent experiments. Scale bar, 1 μm. (e) Images of S. aureus inoculated in the right leg muscle in mice in the presence and absence of HDMP NPs (n = 6). (f) The representative hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) staining images of the leg muscle tissue of mice, indicating that the HDMP NP-treated S. aureus did not induce bacterial infection. Adapted from [95], copyright 2020, American Association for the Advancement of Science.