Table 1.
Baseline characteristics of the population.
| Cardiac Amyloidosis n = 91 (20.1%) |
No Cardiac Amyloidosis n = 372 (79.9%) |
All n = 453 (100%) |
p Value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Demography/physical examination Age, median (IQR), years Women, n (%) BMI, median (IQR) Kg/m2 SBP, median (IQR), mmHg Outpatients |
88 [85–91] 36 (39.9) 27.1 [25.0–32.7] |
83 [78–87] 193 (53.5) 30.1 [26.6–33.9] |
85 [79–88] 229 (50.6) 29.8 [26.1–32.7] |
<0.001 0.019 0.002 |
| 126 [109–140] 50 (54.9) |
129 [116–142] 263 (70.1) |
128 [115–142] 313 (69.0) |
0.442 0.003 |
|
| Heart disease/Devices Coronary artery disease, n (%) Moderate/severe valve disease, n (%) Previous HF, n (%) Pacemaker, n (%) |
27 (29.7) 42 (39.6) 77 (84.6) 19 (20.9) |
112 (30.9) 189 (48.0) 321 (88.7) 53 (14.7) |
139 (30.7) 231 (46.4) 398 (87.9) 72 (15.9) |
0.411 0.253 0.397 0.125 |
| Other comorbidities Diabetes mellitus, n (%) Hypertension, n (%) Dyslipidemia, n (%) Cerebrovascular disease, n (%) COPD, n (%) |
27 (29.7) 78 (85.7) 50 (54.9) 11 (12.1) 9 (9.9) |
151 (41.7) 321 (88.7) 211 (58.3) 69 (19.1) 69 (19.1) |
178 (39.3) 399 (88.1) 261 (57.6) 80 (17.7) 78 (17.2) |
0.137 0.732 0.810 0.295 0.103 |
| Red flags Low BP, previous hypertension, n (%) History of syncope, n (%) History of back pain, n (%) History of anaemia, n (%) Intolerance of ACEI/ARBs, n (%) Intolerance of beta-blockers, n (%) Intolerance of CCBs, n (%) Intolerance of digoxin, n (%) Carpal tunnel syndrome, n (%) Spinal stenosis, n (%) Biceps tendon ruptura, n (%) Periorbital purpura, n (%) Macroglosia, n (%) MGUS, n (%) Peripheral neuropathy, n (%) Autonomic dysfuncion, n (%) Nephrotic syndrome, n (%) |
22 (24.2) 7 (7.7) 31 (34.1) 41 (45.1) 8 (8.8) 15 (16.5) 2 (2.2) 4 (4.4) 21 (23.1) 8 (8.8) 3 (3.3) 1 (1.1) 2 (2.2) 11 (12.1) 11 (12.1) 2 (2.2) 0 (0) |
48 (13.3) 36 (9.9) 119 (32.9) 170 (47.0) 12 (3.3) 23(6.4) 5 (1.4) 8 (2.2) 17 (4.7) 19 (5.2) 1 (0.3) 1 (0.3) 1 (0.3) 16 (4.4) 20 (5.5) 8 (2.2) 6 (1.7) |
70 (15.5) 43 (9.5) 150 (33.1) 211 (46.6) 20 (4.4) 38 (8.4) 7 (1.5) 12 (2.6) 38 (8.4) 27 (6.0) 4 (0.9) 2 (0.4) 3 (0.7) 27 (6.0) 31 (6.8) 10 (2.2) 6 (1.3) |
0.033 0.564 0.077 0.811 0.014 0.009 0.116 0.578 <0.001 0.001 0.012 0.772 0.221 0.047 0.068 0.980 0.478 |
| Signs and symptoms Dyspnoea, n (%) Fatigue, n (%) Muscular weakness, n (%) Eye symptoms, n (%) Dry cough, n (%) Angina, n (%) Palpitations, n (%) Weightloss, n (%) Diarrhea, n (%) Constipation, n (%) Paresthesia, n (%) Delusionsm n (%) |
67 (73.6) 69 (75.8) 44 (48.4) 15 (16.5) 14 (15.4) 10 (11) 13 (14.3) 17 (18.7) 9 (9.9) 17 (18.7) 12 (13.2) 8 (8.8) |
260 (71.8) 196 (54.1) 108 (29.3) 68 (18.8) 55 (15.2) 30 (8.3) 80 (22.1) 36 (9.9) 21 (5.8) 82 (22.7) 27 (7.5) 16 (4.4) |
327 (72.2) 265 (58.5) 152 (33.6) 83 (18.3) 69 (15.2) 40 (8.8) 93 (20.5) 53 (11.7) 30 (6.6) 99 (21.9) 39 88.6) 24 (5.3) |
0.573 0.001 0.002 0.866 0.992 0.487 0.248 0.067 0.363 0.715 0.214 0.227 |
| Functional assessment Previous NYHA class III-IV, n (%) Barthel Index, median (IQR), points Pfeiffer Questionnaire, errors |
27 (31.0) 90 [70–100] 1 [0–2] |
79 (22.8) 90 [80–100] 1 [0–2] |
106 (24.4) 90 [75–100] 1 [0–2] |
0.108 0.237 0.575 |
| Laboratory Haemoglobin, median (IQR), mg/dl Creatinine, median (IQR), mg/dl Sodium, median (IQR), mEq/L Potassium, median (IQR), mEq/L Troponin T-hs, median (IQR), ng/L NT-proBNP, median (IQR), pg/mL Ca125, median (IQR), U/mL |
12.8 [11.5–13.7] 1.3 [1.0–1.8] 141 [137–143] 4.4 [4.1–4.9] 81.7 [40.2–132.5] 4398 [2035–8452] 33.1 [12.7–94.4] |
12.4 [11.0–13.8] 1.3 [0.9–1.7] 141 [139–143] 4.3 [4.0–4.8] 32.2 [22.0–58.0] 2420 [1368–4352] 17.7 [10.5–35.7] |
12.4 [11.1–13.8] 1.3 [1.0–1.7] 141 [139–143] 4.4 [4.0–4.8] 38.0 [24.0–72.0] 2651 [1498–5271] 18.5 [11.0–39.5] |
0.206 0.828 0.182 0.194 <0.001 0.001 0.065 |
| Treatment Beta-blockers, n (%) ACEIs, n (%) ARBs, n (%) Aldosterone antagonists, n (%) Sacubitril-valsartan, n (%) Digoxin, n (%) CCBs, n (%) Nitrates, n (%) Loop diuretics, n (%) Thiazide diuretics, n (%) i-SGLT2s, n (%) Anticoagulants, n (%) |
46 (50.5) 23 (25.3) 23 (25.3) 25 (27.2) 6 (6.6) 3 (3.3) 14 (15.4) 7 (7.7) 77 (84.6) 13 (14.3) 1 (1.1) 59 (64.8) |
249 (68.8) 102 (28.2) 112 (30.9) 99 (27.3) 34 (9.4) 29 (8.0) 104 (28.7) 50 (13.8) 328 (90.6) 51 (14.1) 27 (7.5) 234 (62.9) |
295 (65.1) 125 (27.6) 135 (29.8) 124 (27.4) 40 (8.8) 32 (7.1) 118 (26.0) 57 (12.6) 405 (89.4) 64 (14.1) 28 (6.2) 293 (64.7) |
0.004 0.852 0.572 0.756 0.695 0.209 0.034 0.286 0.209 0.948 0.077 0.959 |
ACEI: angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor; ARB: angiotensin II receptor blockers, BMI: body mass index; BP: blood pressure; CCB: calcium channel blocker; COPD: chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; ICD: implantable cardioverter defibrillator; IQR: interquartile range; i-SGLT2: sodium-glucose-linked cotransporter-2 inhibitors; MGUS: monoclonal gammopathy of uncertain significance; NYHA: New York Heart Association; SBP: systolic blood pressure.