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. 2023 Mar 4;13(3):384. doi: 10.3390/metabo13030384

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© 2023 by the authors.

Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

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Astrocyte–Neuron Lactate Shuttle (ANLS) Formation. The ANLS is formed during an increase in neuronal energy demand. Astrocytes sense an increase in the glutamatergic excitatory pathway in the neuron and trigger glycolysis by up-taking glucose from the blood stream and converting it into lactate. Lactate is then transported to the neuron through MCTs in which is converted back into pyruvate and then shuttled into the mitochondria as a source of additional energy. Abbreviations: Glut1: glucose transporter protein 1; NADH: nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide with hydrogen; NAD: nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide; LDH: lactate dehydrogenase; MCTs: monocarboxylate transporters; ATP: adenosine 5′-triphosphate; Glu: glutamate; Gln: glutamine; EAATs: excitatory amino acid transporters; GluR: glutamatergic receptor. Created with BioRender.com.