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. 2023 Mar 4;16(3):391. doi: 10.3390/ph16030391

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© 2023 by the authors.

Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

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Echocardiography revealed sex-related differences in response to chronic administration of ISO in DOX-exposed intact mice. Echocardiography was performed before and after the 14-day ISO challenge. (A,F) Representative M-mode images, (B,G) heart rate, (C,H) fractional shortening, (D,I) ejection fraction, and (E,J) cardiac output were assessed in intact males (n = 6–7) and females (n = 7), respectively. Values are represented as means ± SEM. Statistical significance of pairwise comparisons was determined using two-way ANOVA with Šidák’s post hoc analysis. Statistical significance was noted when p < 0.05 for comparisons between pre-chronic ISO and post-chronic ISO (*) and DOX vs control (#). Abbreviations: DOX, doxorubicin; ISO, isoproterenol.