Table 2.

Example of descriptive, causal, predictive, and evaluative questions in epidemiologic studies on EDCs.

Example of Research Question	Example of Study Objective	Study Examples
What environmental contaminants are pregnant women exposed to during pregnancy?	To characterize concentrations of a large number of environmental contaminants in pregnant European women.	[47,48,49,50,51,52,53]
What proportion of male reproductive disorders and diseases would be prevented by a ban on EDCs in the European Union?	To estimate the incidence and prevalence of selected male reproductive disorders and diseases attributed to EDC exposure in the European Union.	[54,55,56]
Can using “low-chemical” personal care products significantly lower levels of EDCs in the body?	To evaluate whether changing personal care products to those labeled as “low chemical” reduces urinary concentrations of metabolites of phthalates, parabens, and phenols in adolescent girls.	[57,58]