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mRNA-loaded exosomes deliver functional SARS-CoV-2 RBD mRNA to human cells in vitro. (A) Western blot analysis of the expression of RBD mRNA delivered by oral vaccine in 293T cells. (B) The ELISA detection of RBD expressed in 293T cell lysate and secreted into the culture supernatant 24 h after the milk-derived exosome-based vaccine transfection. The data are presented as mean standard deviation with a group size of three. ** p < 0.01 vs. PBS.
