Table 3.
Dimensions of inequality featured in sources for a scoping review about inequalities in COVID-19 vaccination coverage, including corresponding number of articles, percentage of total number of articles (n = 167) and examples of measurement criteria.
| Dimension of Inequality | Number of Articles (% of Total) a | Illustrative Examples of Measurement Criteria b |
|---|---|---|
| Age | 127 (76%) | years; parental age; above or below median age of population |
| Race, ethnicity, cultural group, language, nationality or country of birth | 117 (70%) | White, Black, Hispanic, Asian or Other (applicable to studies based in the United States); language at home; national or foreigner |
| Sex or gender | 103 (62%) | male or female; transgender or non-binary (yes/no) |
| Occupation- or employment-related factor | 81 (49%) | employed or unemployed; employment in healthcare industry (yes/no); essential worker, non-essential worker, or non-working status; public or private sector employee; military ranking; profession |
| Education level | 76 (46%) | years of schooling; highest level of schooling completed; highest qualification |
| Subnational region or area | 68 (41%) | state/province; region; municipality; census tract; county; health zone |
| Economic status | 68 (41%) | household income; above or below defined poverty line; self-perceived financial status; level of difficulty covering household expenses |
| Place of residence | 39 (23%) | urban or rural; metro or non-metro; urban, rural or camp; population size of zip code |
| Vulnerability, deprivation or poverty index | 38 (23%) | Social Vulnerability Index (applicable to studies based in the United States); Index of Multiple Deprivation (applicable to studies based in the United Kingdom); Human Development Index; Multi-Dimensional Poverty Index |
| Marital status | 30 (18%) | single, married, cohabitating, divorced, widowed; living with partner (yes/no) |
| Family size or composition | 27 (16%) | number of children; household size; elderly living with family (yes/no); children living in household (yes/no); living alone (yes/no) |
| Health insurance | 27 (16%) | insured or uninsured status; private or public health insurance type |
| Disability status | 10 (6%) | self-reported living with a disability (yes/no); extent of daily activity limitation |
| Religion | 8 (5%) | religious affiliation (e.g., Christian, Buddhist, Hindu, Jewish, Muslim, Sikh, other, none) |
| Housing type or characteristic | 7 (4%) | homeless (yes/no); house owned, private rented, social rented, other; type of housing: mobile, detached house, attached house, multiunit apartment, etc. |
| Migration status | 5 (3%) | citizen, landed immigrant, refugee, temporary/other; migration history (yes/no) |
| Social capital | 3 (2%) | trust in others; civic participation; social capital index |
| Sexual orientation | 3 (2%) | bisexual, gay/lesbian, heterosexual |
| Other: food security, incarceration status, income inequality, car ownership, computer ownership, school type | 1–2 each |
a The scoping review included a total of 167 articles; most articles featured more than one dimension of inequality. b Note that this is not an exhaustive list of all approaches to measuring the dimensions of inequality.