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. 2023 Mar 20;12(6):2399. doi: 10.3390/jcm12062399

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© 2023 by the authors.

Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

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Cellular plasticity. Phenotypic plasticity can enable stem cells and non-stem cells to shift among one another via different programs, depending on intrinsic (epigenetic) and extrinsic (tumor microenvironment) factors. VSC: vascular stem/progenitor cells; EC: endothelial cells; MSC: mesenchymal stem cells; TAM: tumor-associated macrophages; CAF: cancer-associated fibroblast; EMT: epithelial-mesenchymal transition; MET: mesenchymal-epithelial transition; EndMT: endothelial-mesenchymal transition.