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. 2023 Mar 19;11(3):699. doi: 10.3390/vaccines11030699

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© 2023 by the authors.

Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

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The figure represents the Treg involvement in the pathophysiology of COVID-19. The increased number of Tregs in severely infected patients can play deleterious effects by limiting the antiviral effects of effector T cells. Additionally, the overly expressed FoxP3 in Tregs can lead to excessive immunosuppressive activities, which lead to a poor prognosis of the disease. On the other hand, the substantial decrease in the number of Tregs cannot alleviate the excessively stimulated immune response in severely infected patients. Moreover, a balanced number of Tregs compared to Th1/Th17 T cells and other immune cells can prevent the poor prognosis of the disease.