Table 2.
Preclinical and clinical examples of viral vectors applied for cancer therapy.
| Viral Vector | Phase | Findings |
|---|---|---|
| Breast cancer | ||
| HSV-HF10 | Pre | Substantial tumor regression, prolonged survival in mice [102] |
| Reolysin + anti-PD1 | Pre | Superior tumor regression, prolonged survival in mice after combination [103] |
| M1 | Pre | Targeting and killing of 4T1 mammary tumors in mice [104] |
| PANVAC | Phase I | SD in 4 patients, complete response in 1 patient [105] |
| Gliomas | ||
| M1 | Pre | Specific targeting of C6 glioma cells [106] |
| M1 | Pre | Replication of M1 in gliomas in mice, rats, and macaques [107] |
| SFV-IL-12 | Pre | 87% reduction of RG2 glioma size in rats [108] |
| SFV-VA | Pre | 100% eradication of small, 50% eradication of large tumors in mice [59] |
| RRV Toca 511-CD | Pre | Prolonged survival in mice with orthotopic gliomas [109] |
| m-ZIKV | Pre | Prolonged survival in mice with implanted glioblastomas [65] |
| MV-CEA | Phase I | Trial in progress in patients with recurrent glioblastoma [110] |
| RRV Toca 511 | Phase I | Prolonged survival of 13.6 months in HGG patients [111] |
| RRV Toca 511 | Phase II/III | No improvement in overall survival in HGG patients [112] |
| Colon cancer | ||
| KUN-GM-CSF | Pre | Cure of >50% of mice with CT26 colon tumors [113] |
| VSV(M51R) | Pre | Reduced luciferase expression in tumors, prolonged survival in mice [114] |
| M-LPO | Pre | Superior oncolytic activity in mice [115] |
| SFV-LacZ RNA | Pre | Protection against tumor challenges in mice after a single injection of RNA [116] |
| VEE-CEA | Phase I | Antigen-specific responses and prolonged survival in colorectal cancer patients [108,117] |
| vvDD | Phase I | Th1-biased immune responses against vvDD and tumors in patients [118] |
| Melanoma | ||
| KUN-GM-CSF | Pre | Significant tumor regression, 67% of mice tumor-free [113] |
| NDV-IL12/IL15 | Pre | Superior survival after NDV-IL15 compared to NDV-IL12 in mice [119] |
| VSV-LCMV-GP | Pre | Significant tumor regression, prolonged survival in melanoma models [120] |
| VSV-XN2-ΔG | Pre | Strong tumor regression in mice [121] |
| CVA21-ICAM-DAF | Pre | Tumor regression, reduced tumor burden in mouse melanoma model [122] |
| MG1-hDCT + Ad | Pre | Ad-hDCT prime-Maraba MG1-hDCT booster elicited immune responses [94] |
| HSV-HF10 + CTLA4 | Phase III | Good safety and antitumor activity in patients [102] |
| HSV T-VEC | Phase II/III | Good tolerance, promising therapeutic effect in melanoma patients [123] |
| HSV T-VEC | Approval | Approved for treatment of advanced melanoma in the US, Europe, Australia [124] |
| Pancreatic cancer | ||
| Adsur-SYE | Pre | Complete tumor regression in mice [125] |
| PANVAC | Pre | Superior immune response in pancreatic mouse cancer models [126] |
| SV40-hRT-SST2 | Pre | Long-term inhibition of tumors in Capan-1 mouse tumor model [91] |
| HSV-HF10 | Phase I | PR in 3 patients, SD in 4 patients, PD in 9 patients [127] |
| Ovarian | ||
| VSV-LCMP-GP | Pre | Tumor regression in ovarian cancer mouse models [128] |
| VSV-LCMP-GP + Rux | Pre | Superior therapeutic activity after combination therapy [128] |
| VSVMP-p DNA | Pre | 87–98% tumor regression in ovarian mouse cancer models [129] |
| SIN AR339 | Pre | Ovarian cancer cell killing, tumor regression in mice [130] |
| MV-CEA | Phase I | SD in all 9 patients, overall survival twice to the expected time [131] |
| Prostate | ||
| MV-CEA | Pre | Delay of tumor growth, prolonged survival [132] |
| MV-sc-Fv-PSMA | Pre | Specific killing of prostate tumors, enhanced by radiation [133] |
| MV + MuV | Pre | Superior antitumor activity, survival after combination therapy [134] |
| VEE-PSMA | Pre | Strong Th1-biased immune responses in mice [135] |
| VEE-mSTEAP | Pre | Prime immunization with DNA, booster with VEE specific immunogenicity [136] |
| VEE-PSCA | Pre | Long-term survival in 90% of TRAMP mice [137] |
| VV-GLV-1h123-NIS | Pre | Inhibition of tumor growth, prolonged survival in prostate cancer models [138] |
| VSV-PSMA | Phase I | Good safety, disappointingly weak immune responses [139] |
Adsur-SYE, adenovirus vector with survivin promoter, pancreatic cell-targeting ligand SYENFSA; CD, yeast cytosine deaminase; CTLA4, anti-CTLA-4 antibody; DAF, decay accelerating factor; HGG, high grade glioma; HSV, herpes simplex virus; ICAM-1, intercellular adhesion molecule-1; KUN. Kunjin virus; LCMP-GP, lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus-glycoprotein; M1, oncolytic alphavirus; M-LPO, liposome-encapsulated M1 alphavirus; mSTEAP, mouse six-transmembrane epithelial antigen of the prostate; m-ZIKV, mouse-adapted Zika virus; MV, measles virus; NDV, Newcastle disease virus; PD, progressive disease; PR, partial response; Pre, preclinical studies; PSCA, prostate stem cell antigen; PSMA, prostate-specific membrane antigen; RRV replicating retrovirus; Rux, ruxolitinib; SD, stable disease; SFV, Semliki Forest virus; SIN, Sindbis virus; TRAMP, transgenic adenocarcinoma of the prostate; VSV, vesicular stomatitis virus; vvDD, oncolytic vaccinia virus.