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. 2023 Mar 15;24(6):5633. doi: 10.3390/ijms24065633

Table 8.

Summary of investigations on the blood microbiome in other health complications.

No. Disease Study Design Sample Size Detection Method Findings Reference
1. Rosacea (skin disease) Case-control study Case = 10; control = 30 16S rDNA (V3-V4 region) sequencing

  • Rosacea patients had distinct blood microbial communities.

  • Families Chromatiaceae and Fusobacteriaceae were elevated in rosacea patients.

  • Genera Rheinheimera, Sphingobium, Paracoccus, Marinobacter were some of the most enriched blood microbes in rosacea subjects.

 [68]
2. Psoriasis (skin disease) Case-control study Case = 20; control = 8 16S rDNA (full length) sequencing

  • Psoriasis patients had lower bacterial diversity and richness and demonstrated a unique blood microbial signatures characterized by the enrichment of genera Staphylococcus, Sphihgomonas, and Ralstonia.

  • The enriched blood microbes were linked to tryptophan metabolism, lipid biosynthesis, fatty acid metabolism, melanogenesis, and PPAR and adipokine signaling.

 [69]
3. Hidradenitis suppurativa (skin disorder) Case-control study Case = 27; control = 26 16S rDNA (V3-V4 region) sequencing

  • Patients with the skin disease had similar microbial diversity and composition compared to healthy individuals.

 [70]
4. Major depression Case-control study Case = 56; control = 56 16S rDNA (V3-V4 region) sequencing

  • Bacterial 16S rDNA concentration was comparable between depressive and healthy individuals.

  • 13 genera, including Actinomyces, Flavobacterium, Enterococcus, Neisseria, Tepidimonas, Aggregatibacter, Curvibacter, Fusobacterium and a few unidentified genera were reduced in the patients.

  • 5 genera including Kocuria, Chryseobacterium, Parvimonas and Janthinobacterium, were enriched in the patients.

  • Abnormal abundance of Neisseria and Janthinobacterium were normalized following an antidepressant treatment.

  • High levels of Firmicutes, low abundance of Bosea and Tetrasphaera and plasma tryptophan predicted favourable response to antidepressant.

  • Bacterial activities linked to treatment response were related to xenobiotics, amino acids, and lipid and carbohydrate metabolism.

 [71]
5. Parkinson’s disease Case-control study Case = 103;
Control = 104
 16S rDNA (V3-V4 region) sequencing

  • The microbial composition and diversity richness were comparable between Parkinson’s disease and healthy individuals.

  • Genera Isoptericola, Cloacibacterium, Enhydrobacter and Microbacterium were enriched while Limnobacter was reduced in Parkinson’s disease patients.

  • Blood levels of Amaricoccus, Bosea, Janthinobacterium, Nesterenkonia and Sphingobacterium were positively correlated with Hamilton Anxiety Scale score while Aquabacterium, Bdellovibrio and Leucobacter were positively correlated with Hamilton Depression Scale score among Patkinson’s disease patients.

 [72]
6. Autism Case-control study (without statistical analysis) Case = 15 mother-child pairs;
Control = 6 healthy individuals		 Culture

  • Different species of L-form (cell wall-deficient) bacteria and fungi were isolated from autistic children and their mothers.

  • L-form yeast and filamentous fungi could be reverted to their original form (with cell walls) under optimized culture conditions.

 [73]
7. Polycystic ovary syndrome Case-control study Case = 24; control = 24 16S rDNA (V3-V4 region) sequencing

  • Blood microbiome of PCOS women had reduced alpha diversity.

  • Families Nocardioidaceae and Oxalobacteraceae were increased, while Burkholderiaceae, Lachnospiraceae, Bacteroidaceae, Ruminococcaceae, and S24-7 were decreased in PCOS group.

  • Functional analysis predicted activation of metabolite transport proteins.

 [74]
8. Surgical-induced sepsis Prospective cohort study Healthy = 5;
Non-infected = 7;
Infected = 10;
Sepsis = 18;
Septic shock = 11		 16S rDNA (V3 region) sequencing

  • Blood microbiome of infected, septic and septic shock patients were different from healthy individuals.

  • Genera Flavobacterium, Agrococcus, Polynucleobacter, Sphingomonas, and Curvibacter were highly abundant in patients developing septic shock.

  • Blood and neutrophil-specific microbiota in septic patients were originated from the gut.

  • Flavobacterium, Agrococcus, Polynucleobacter and Acidovorax predicted deterioration of septicaemia.

 [75]
Total parenteral nutrition (TPN) administration Mouse experiment Chow-fed: 6;
Chow-fed with jugular vein catheter insertion = 6;
Intralipid-based TPN = 6; Omegaven-based TPN = 6		 16S rDNA (V3-V4 region) sequencing

  • TPN induced remarkable gut microbial shifts, but fewer changes in the blood microbiome.

  • Order Burkholderiales were enriched in the blood of mice with jugular vein catheter, which could be introduced during the insertion procedure.

 [76]