Figure 7.

Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a multifactorial and polygenic disease in addition to having dysfunctional aberrant mitochondria (aMt) capable of bidirectional signaling. Panel A depicts that aberrant mitochondrial (aMt) phenotypes are a central and critical defect that leads to T2DM via multifactorial polygenic and environmental factors. Panel B demonstrates that aMt dysfunction with increased mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (mtROS) and T2DM are capable of interacting via bidirectional mechanisms. ATP = adenosine triphosphate; AGE= advanced glycation end product; mt-DNA = mitochondrial deoxyribonucleic acid; MOMP = mitochondria outer membrane permeabilization; n-DNA = nuclear DNA; RAGE = receptor for AGEs; ROS = reactive oxygen species; RONSS = reactive oxygen, nitrogen, sulfur species.