Table 1.

Various nanoparticles are involved in the toxicity of the male reproductive system.

S. No	Nanoparticles	Animal Model	Toxicity Effect	References
1.	Silica nanoparticles	Male Albino Rats	Higher levels of micronucleus frequencies and malondialdehyde levels, and lesser catalase and glutathione activity in testicular tissues.	[44]
2.	ZnO nanoparticles	TM-4 Sertoli cell line and GC2-spd spermatocyte cell line of mouse	Breakdown of the cell membrane and outer membrane of mitochondria in Sertoli cells; down-regulating the production of gap junction proteins; disruption of BTB disruption.	[42]
		Mouse testis Leydig cells	Decreased antioxidant enzyme gene expression (SOD) and increased steroidogenesis-related gene expression.	[45]
3.	Titanium oxide nanoparticles	Pregnant mouse model	Apoptosis of the olfactory bulb occurs with decreased sperm production and motility; disordered and disrupted seminiferous tubules.	[46]
		Mouse, rat, and porcine Leydig cells	17–α hydroxylase/C17-20 lyase and cholesterol side-chain cleavage enzyme gene and protein expression are affected by TNF- α to decrease testosterone synthesis.	[49]
4.	Cerium oxide nanoparticles	Pregnant mouse model	Involvement in the prepubertal spermatogenesis and germ cell; reduction of germ cells, deformation of Sertoli cells; impairment steroidogenesis.	[53]