Table 2.

Various nanoparticles are involved in the toxicity of the female reproductive system.

S. No.	Nanoparticles	Animal Model	Toxicity Effect	References
1.	ZnO nanoparticles	Female zebrafish	Autophagy and apoptosis occurring in a caspase-dependent manner; increased oxidative stress by inducing mutant ovarian p53 protein; necroptosis; follicular developmental retardation; deformation of oocyte ovulation, and decreased female zebrafish fertility.	[69]
2.	Cadmium oxide nanoparticles	Pregnant mouse model	Weight gain, increased uterus weight, and decreased weight of placenta; decreased quantity of estrogen receptors.	[70]
3.	Titanium oxide nanoparticles	Female mice	Up-regulation of Cyp17a1 resulted in enhanced estradiol production; up-regulation of bmf genes; apoptotic genes were down-regulated.	[72]
4.	Cerium oxide nanoparticles	Mouse oocytes	Accumulation in the zona pellucida (ZP) of oocytes; DNA damage due to follicular cell endocytosis and zona pellucida trapping.	[73]
5.	Silver nanoparticles	Ovaries of female albino rats	Inhibition of the ovulation; activation of oxidative stress factors in ovarian cells resulting in apoptosis.	[75]