Table 1:
Demographic and clinical characteristics by baseline treatment with opioids among older adults with lumbar spinal stenosis receiving epidural steroid injections with or without steroids. Bolded variables indicate p<0.05.
| Lidocaine-Alone | Glucocorticoid-Lidocaine | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
|
| ||||
| n (%) or Mean (Interquartile range) | Opioid Treatment at Baseline (N=37) |
No Opioid Treatment at Baseline (N=143) | Opioid Treatment at Baseline (N=40) | No Opioid Treatment at Baseline (N=151) |
|
| ||||
| Age | 66.6 (59.0, 74.0) | 68.8 (60.0, 76.0) | 66.8 (58.0, 75.3) | 67.9 (59.0, 75.0) |
| Female | 19 (51) | 74 (52) | 23 (58) | 90 (60) |
| Hispanic | 1 (3) | 4 (3) | 2 (5) | 9 (6) |
| Non-White Race | 17 (46) | 40 (28) | 14 (35) | 47 (31) |
| White Race | 20 (54) | 103 (72) | 26 (65) | 104 (69) |
| Married/living with partner | 17 (46) | 81 (57) | 21 (53) | 98 (65) |
| Employment status | ||||
| Full/part time | 13 (35) | 50 (35) | 10 (25) | 43 (28) |
| Retired, not disabled | 16 (43) | 65 (45) | 16 (40) | 73 (48) |
| Retired, disabled | 5 (14) | 15 (10) | 11 (28) | 19 (13) |
| Other | 3 (8) | 13 (9) | 3 (8) | 16 (11) |
| Education | ||||
| High school equivalent or less | 16 (43) | 44 (31) | 14 (35) | 43 (28) |
| Some college, vocational/tech | 13 (35) | 36 (25) | 16 (40) | 54 (36) |
| College degree or more | 8 (22) | 63 (44) | 10 (25) | 54 (36) |
| Duration of pain | ||||
| <3 months | 8 (22) | 30 (21) | 6 (15) | 16 (11) |
| 3 to <12 months | 8 (22) | 46 (32) | 17 (43) | 39 (26) |
| 1 to 5 years | 10 (27) | 27 (19) | 7 (18) | 59 (39) |
| >5 years | 11 (30) | 40 (28) | 10 (25) | 37 (25) |
| Expectation of pain relief1 | 7.4 (6, 9) | 7.8 (6, 10) | 7.8 (7, 9) | 7.6 (6–9) |
| Roland Morris Disability Questionnaire | ||||
| Baseline | 16.3 (15, 19.5) | 15.3 (12, 19) | 17.3 (14, 21) | 15.8 (12, 19) |
| 6 weeks | 13.1 (7.5, 19) | 12.0 (7, 17) | 12.5 (7, 18) | 11.7 (8, 17) |
| Change baseline to 6 weeks 2 | −3.2 (−6.5, 1) | −3.3 (−6, 0) | −4.8 (−8, −1) | −4.1 (−7, 0) |
| Back Pain intensity | ||||
| Baseline | 7.6 (6.5, 9) | 6.4 (5, 8) | 6.5 (5, 9) | 6.8 (5, 9) |
| 6 weeks | 4.2 (2, 6) | 4.3 (2, 6) | 4.6 (2, 7) | 4.2 (2, 7) |
| Change baseline to 6 weeks | −3.4 (−6, −1) | −2.1 (−4, 0) | −2.0 (−4, 0) | −2.6 (−5, 0) |
| Leg Pain intensity | ||||
| Baseline | 7.6 (6.5, 8.5) | 7.1 (6, 8) | 7.3 (6, 8) | 7.3 (6, 9) |
| 6 weeks | 4.5 (1.5, 7) | 4.4 (2, 7) | 4.2 (1, 7) | 4.5 (2, 7) |
| Change baseline to 6 weeks | −3.1 (−5, 0) | −2.7 (−5, 0) | −3.1 (−5, 0) | −2.8 (−5, −1) |
| Depression (PHQ-8)3 | ||||
| Baseline | 7.2 (3, 9.5) | 5.1 (2, 7) | 9.4 (5, 14) | 6.5 (2, 9) |
| 6 weeks | 5.5 (1, 7.5) | 4.2 (1, 6) | 4.9 (2, 7) | 4.3 (1, 7) |
| Change baseline to 6 weeks | −1.7 (−4, 1) | −1.0 (−3, 1) | −4.5 (−9, −1) | −2.2 (−4, 1) |
| Anxiety (GAD-7)4 | ||||
| Baseline | 5.9 (2.5, 6.5) | 3.9 (0, 6) | 5.6 (2, 8) | 4.1 (1, 6) |
| 6 weeks | 3.7 (0, 7) | 3.1 (0, 5) | 3.8 (0, 6) | 3.1 (0, 5) |
| Change baseline to 6 weeks | −2.3 (−4.5, 0) | −0.8 (−3, 1) | −1.8 (−4, 0) | −1.1 (−3, 0) |
| Fear Avoidance Beliefs Questionnaire | ||||
| Baseline | 19.3 (15, 26) | 18.9 (14, 26) | 21.1 (17.5, 26) | 19.2 (13, 26) |
| Pain Catastrophizing Scale | ||||
| Baseline | 21.4 (12, 31) | 17.1 (8, 23) | 21.8 (13, 30) | 18.0 (9, 25) |
| Self-Rated Health (EQ-5D-VAS) | ||||
| Baseline | 65.2 (50, 80) | 68.3 (59, 80) | 61.6 (50, 80) | 67.6 (50, 85) |
| 6 weeks | 67.9 (60, 83) | 71.3 (60, 80) | 68.1 (60, 80) | 66.2 (50, 80) |
| Change baseline to 6 week 6 | 2.7 (−10, 15) | 3.0 (−5, 15) | 6.5 (−10, 20) | −1.3 (−10, 10) |
Pain Expectation Scale: A numeric rating scale that asks patients to rate their expected pain in 3 months based on a 0–10 scale with 0= no pain and 10= worst pain imaginable.
Negative values for change in Roland Morris Disability Questionnaire (RMDQ), back and leg pain numeric rating scales, PHQ-8, and GAD-7 scores indicate improvements.
PHQ-8: Patient Health Questionnaire depression 8-item scale
GAD-7: Generalized Anxiety Disorder 7-item scale
EQ-5D-VAS: EuroQOL visual analogue scale
Negative values for change in EQ-5D-VAS indicates worse outcomes.