Table 4.
Multivariable-adjusted odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals for depression, anxiety and psychological distress across energy-adjusted quartiles of riboflavin consumption, stratified by sex.
| Quartiles of riboflavin intake | Ptrend | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Q1 (< 1.6 mg/d) | Q2 (1.6–1.82 mg/d) | Q3 (1.83–2.09 mg/d) | Q4 (> 2.09 mg/d) | ||
| Male participants (n = 1403) | |||||
| Depression | |||||
| Crude | 1 (Ref.) | 0.67 (0.47–0.95) | 0.66 (0.46–0.95) | 0.50 (0.34–0.72) | < 0.001 |
| Model 1 | 1 (Ref.) | 0.67 (0.45–1.00) | 0.66 (0.44–1.00) | 0.48 (0.32–0.73) | 0.01 |
| Model 2 | 1 (Ref.) | 0.66 (0.43–1.00) | 0.66 (0.43–1.01) | 0.49 (0.32–0.76) | 0.01 |
| Model 3 | 1 (Ref.) | 0.66 (0.43–1.01) | 0.65 (0.42–1.02) | 0.53 (0.32–0.87) | 0.01 |
| Model 4 | 1 (Ref.) | 0.65 (0.42–1.01) | 0.59 (0.37–0.94) | 0.49 (0.29–0.83) | 0.01 |
| Anxiety | |||||
| Crude | 1 (Ref.) | 0.48(0.29–0.82) | 0.57(0.34–0.95) | 0.47(0.28–0.80) | 0.01 |
| Model 1 | 1 (Ref.) | 0.44(0.24–0.81) | 0.53(0.30–0.97) | 0.46(0.25–0.83) | 0.02 |
| Model 2 | 1 (Ref.) | 0.40(0.21–0.76) | 0.50(0.27–0.93) | 0.50(0.27–0.92) | 0.03 |
| Model 3 | 1 (Ref.) | 0.39 (0.20–0.76) | 0.51 (0.26–0.98) | 0.48 (0.23–0.98) | 0.05 |
| Model 4 | 1 (Ref.) | 0.42 (0.21–0.82) | 0.47 (0.23–0.93) | 0.45 (0.21–0.95) | 0.03 |
| Psychological distress | |||||
| Crude | 1 (Ref.) | 0.80 (0.55–1.16) | 0.68 (0.46–1.01) | 0.58 (0.39–0.87) | 0.01 |
| Model 1 | 1 (Ref.) | 0.85 (0.56–1.31) | 0.75 (0.48–1.16) | 0.70 (0.45–1.08) | 0.09 |
| Model 2 | 1 (Ref.) | 0.83 (0.53–1.30) | 0.70 (0.44–1.12) | 0.70 (0.43–1.10) | 0.09 |
| Model 3 | 1 (Ref.) | 0.81 (0.51–1.27) | 0.67 (0.41–1.09) | 0.68 (0.40–1.15) | 0.11 |
| Model 4 | 1 (Ref.) | 0.84 (0.52–1.34) | 0.61 (0.37–1.02) | 0.58 (0.33–1.01) | 0.03 |
| Female participants (n = 1959) | |||||
| Depression | |||||
| Crude | 1 (Ref.) | 1.02 (0.79–1.33) | 0.82 (0.63–1.07) | 0.78 (0.60–1.02) | 0.03 |
| Model 1 | 1 (Ref.) | 0.95 (0.72–1.26) | 0.76 (0.57–1.00) | 0.76 (0.57–1.00) | 0.02 |
| Model 2 | 1 (Ref.) | 0.93 (0.69–1.24) | 0.76 (0.56–1.01) | 0.72 (0.53–0.97) | 0.01 |
| Model 3 | 1 (Ref.) | 0.921 (0.67–1.24) | 0.74 (0.54–1.02) | 0.70 (0.50–1.00) | 0.02 |
| Model 4 | 1 (Ref.) | 0.90 (0.66–1.23) | 0.75 (0.54–1.03) | 0.74 (0.52–1.06) | 0.06 |
| Anxiety | |||||
| Crude | 1 (Ref.) | 0.96 (0.69–1.33) | 0.86 (0.62–1.20) | 0.79 (0.56–1.10) | 0.14 |
| Model 1 | 1 (Ref.) | 0.83(0.59–1.17) | 0.76 (0.54–1.07) | 0.79(0.55–1.11) | 0.14 |
| Model 2 | 1 (Ref.) | 0.80 (0.55–1.16) | 0.80 (0.55–1.16) | 0.76 (0.52–1.10) | 0.17 |
| Model 3 | 1 (Ref.) | 0.76 (0.51–1.11) | 0.77 (0.52–1.13) | 0.74 (0.47–1.14) | 0.20 |
| Model 4 | 1 (Ref.) | 0.75 (0.50–1.11) | 0.75 (0.50–1.12) | 0.74 (0.47–1.15) | 0.21 |
| Psychological distress | |||||
| Crude | 1 (Ref.) | 1.04 (0.79–1.37) | 0.82 (0.62–1.09) | 0.75 (0.56–1.00) | 0.02 |
| Model 1 | 1 (Ref.) | 1.00 (0.75–1.34) | 0.78 (0.58–1.05) | 0.77 (0.57–1.04) | 0.03 |
| Model 2 | 1 (Ref.) | 0.96 (0.70–1.30) | 0.80 (0.59–1.08) | 0.74 (0.54–1.01) | 0.03 |
| Model 3 | 1 (Ref.) | 0.89 (0.65–1.22) | 0.71 (0.52–1.00) | 0.63 (0.44–0.91) | 0.01 |
| Model 4 | 1 (Ref.) | 0.87 (0.63–1.21) | 0.71 (0.51–1.00) | 0.67 (0.46–0.98) | 0.02 |
All values are odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals. Model 1: Adjusted for age and energy intake; Model 2: Further adjustment for physical activity, smoking, marital status, education, household size, house possession, diabetes, use of anti-depressant medications and dietary supplements; Model 3: Additional controlling for dietary intakes of fat, n-3 fatty acids, iron, thiamin; Model 4: Further adjusted for BMI.