Table 5.
Multivariable-adjusted odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals for depression, anxiety and high psychological distress across energy-adjusted quartiles of riboflavin intake, stratified by BMI.
| Quartiles of riboflavin intake | Ptrend | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Q1 (< 1.6 mg/d) | Q2 (1.6–1.82 mg/d) | Q3 (1.83–2.09 mg/d) | Q4 (> 2.09 mg/d) | ||
| Normal weight participants (BMI < 25 kg/m2) (n = 1856) | |||||
| Depression | |||||
| Crude | 1 (Ref.) | 0.99 (0.74–1.31) | 0.74 (0.55–1.00) | 0.63 (0.46–0.86) | 0.01 |
| Model 1 | 1 (Ref.) | 1.00 (0.74–1.36) | 0.72 (0.52–0.98) | 0.67 (0.48–0.94) | 0.01 |
| Model 2 | 1 (Ref.) | 0.96 (0.70–1.33) | 0.74 (0.53–1.03) | 0.64 (0.45–0.92) | 0.01 |
| Model 3 | 1 (Ref.) | 0.94 (0.67–1.32) | 0.71 (0.50–1.01) | 0.62 (0.41–0.94) | 0.01 |
| Anxiety | |||||
| Crude | 1 (Ref.) | 0.97 (0.66–1.43) | 0.97 (0.66–1.43) | 0.63 (0.40–0.98) | 0.07 |
| Model 1 | 1 (Ref.) | 0.98 (0.65–1.47) | 0.88 (0.58–1.33) | 0.66 (0.41–1.04) | 0.08 |
| Model 2 | 1 (Ref.) | 0.94 (0.60–1.46) | 1.01 (0.66–1.57) | 0.64 (0.39–1.06) | 0.17 |
| Model 3 | 1 (Ref.) | 0.91 (0.58–1.44) | 0.98 (0.61–1.55) | 0.63 (0.35–1.11) | 0.21 |
| Psychological distress | |||||
| Crude | 1 (Ref.) | 1.13 (0.84–1.52) | 0.77 (0.56–1.05) | 0.64 (0.46–0.90) | 0.01 |
| Model 1 | 1 (Ref.) | 1.19 (0.86–1.64) | 0.76 (0.54–1.07) | 0.71 (0.50–1.01) | 0.01 |
| Model 2 | 1 (Ref.) | 1.14 (0.81–1.61) | 0.79 (0.56–1.13) | 0.73 (0.50–1.06) | 0.03 |
| Model 3 | 1 (Ref.) | 1.09 (0.76–1.55) | 0.73 (0.50–1.07) | 0.66 (0.43–1.02) | 0.02 |
| Overweight/obese participants (BMI ≥ 25 kg/m2) (n = 1506) | |||||
| Depression | |||||
| Crude | 1 (Ref.) | 0.79 (0.57–1.09) | 0.84 (0.61–1.16) | 0.73 (0.54–1.00) | 0.09 |
| Model 1 | 1 (Ref.) | 0.73 (0.51–1.04) | 0.73 (0.51–1.04) | 0.66 (0.47–0.92) | 0.03 |
| Model 2 | 1 (Ref.) | 0.72 (0.50–1.04) | 0.72 (0.50–1.04) | 0.65 (0.45–0.92) | 0.03 |
| Model 3 | 1 (Ref.) | 0.73 (0.50–1.06) | 0.73 (0.50–1.08) | 0.66 (0.44–1.00) | 0.07 |
| Anxiety | |||||
| Crude | 1 (Ref.) | 0.66 (0.43–0.99) | 0.64 (0.42–0.97) | 0.68 (0.46–1.00) | 0.06 |
| Model 1 | 1 (Ref.) | 0.51 (0.32–0.82) | 0.54 (0.34–0.85) | 0.66 (0.43–1.00) | 0.09 |
| Model 2 | 1 (Ref.) | 0.50 (0.31–0.82) | 0.52 (0.32–0.85) | 0.66 (0.42–1.03) | 0.11 |
| Model 3 | 1 (Ref.) | 0.49 (0.30–0.81) | 0.50 (0.30–0.83) | 0.61 (0.36–1.01) | 0.07 |
| Psychological distress | |||||
| Crude | 1 (Ref.) | 0.77 (0.54–1.09) | 0.81 (0.57–1.15) | 0.75 (0.54–1.05) | 0.15 |
| Model 1 | 1 (Ref.) | 0.73 (0.50–1.06) | 0.78 (0.54–1.14) | 0.77 (0.54–1.10) | 0.25 |
| Model 2 | 1 (Ref.) | 0.67 (0.45–1.00) | 0.74 (0.50–1.09) | 0.68 (0.46–0.99) | 0.09 |
| Model 3 | 1 (Ref.) | 0.64 (0.42–0.96) | 0.68 (0.45–1.02) | 0.58 (0.38–0.90) | 0.03 |
All values are odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals. Model 1: Adjusted for age, sex and energy intake; Model 2: Further adjustment for physical activity, smoking, marital status, education, household size, house possession, diabetes, use of anti-depressant medications and dietary supplements; Model 3: Additional controlling for dietary intakes of fat, n-3 fatty acids, iron, thiamin.