Table 1.
Respiratory symptom(s), biomarkers of nicotine/tobacco exposure (BOE), sociodemographic characteristics, health conditions, and tobacco-related characteristics of adults who exclusively smoke cigarettes in Waves 1–4 of the PATH Study.
|
Adults who Exclusively Smoke Cigarettes |
Adults who Exclusively Smoke Cigarettes without Respiratory Disease(s) |
|||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Weighted M or % | 95% CI | Weighted M or % | 95% CI | |
| Baseline respiratory symptom(s) | 55.34 | 51.98, 58.64 | 46.51 | 42.57, 50.49 |
| Follow-up respiratory symptom(s) | 52.57 | 49.99, 55.14 | 45.54 | 42.60, 48.52 |
| BOE | ||||
| Baseline TNE2 (nmol/mg creau) | 0.35 | 0.33, 0.37 | 0.32 | 0.30, 0.34 |
| Baseline NNAL (pg/mg creau) | 2.36 | 2.24, 2.48 | 2.22 | 2.09, 2.38 |
| Baseline NNN (pg/mg creau) | 0.11 | 0.10, 0.11 | 0.10 | 0.10, 0.11 |
| Baseline CEMA (ng/mg creau) | 2.80 | 2.72, 2.92 | 2.75 | 2.61, 2.89 |
| Baseline CYMA (ng/ml creau) | 1.36 | 1.31, 1.43 | 1.31 | 1.23, 1.38 |
| Baseline Cadmium (pg/mg creau) | 2.69 | 2.55, 2.82 | 2.45 | 2.33, 2.58 |
| Baseline Lead (pg/mg creau) | 4.47 | 4.34, 4.56 | 4.38 | 4.25, 4.56 |
| Follow-up TNE2 (nmol/mg creau) | 0.27 | 0.25, 0.29 | 0.25 | 0.23, 0.28 |
| Follow-up NNAL (pg/mg creau) | 2.03 | 1.91, 2.16 | 1.91 | 1.78, 2.05 |
| Follow-up NNN (pg/mg creau) | 0.09 | 0.09, 0.10 | 0.09 | 0.08, 0.10 |
| Follow-up CEMA (ng/mg creau) | 2.69 | 2.61, 2.80 | 2.64 | 2.53, 2.75 |
| Follow-up CYMA (ng/ml creau) | 1.15 | 1.08, 1.22 | 1.09 | 1.02, 1.17 |
| Follow-up Cadmium (pg/mg creau) | 2.85 | 2.69, 3.00 | 2.63 | 2.48, 2.77 |
| Follow-up Lead (pg/mg creau) | 4.30 | 4.17, 4.43 | 4.25 | 4.09, 4.38 |
| Sociodemographics | ||||
| Age (years) | 41.76 | 41.05, 42.48 | 40.78 | 39.97, 41.59 |
| Sex | ||||
| Male | 44.97 | 42.44, 47.53 | 47.82 | 44.86, 50.81 |
| Female | 55.03 | 52.47, 57.56 | 52.18 | 49.19, 55.14 |
| Race | ||||
| White | 79.46 | 77.43, 81.25 | 79.04 | 76.60, 82.30 |
| Black | 14.10 | 12.37, 16.02 | 15.08 | 12.97, 17.47 |
| Asian | 1.55 | 1.15, 2.10 | 1.73 | 1.24, 2.42 |
| Other (includes 2 + races) | 4.89 | 4.24, 5.64 | 4.14 | 3.53, 4.84 |
| Ethnicity | ||||
| Non-Hispanic | 89.46 | 88.01, 90.76 | 90.95 | 89.88, 91.91 |
| Hispanic | 10.54 | 9.24, 11.99 | 9.05 | 8.09, 10.12 |
| Educational attainment | ||||
| Less than high school, some high school (no diploma), or GED | 25.29 | 23.30, 27.40 | 24.84 | 22.61, 27.22 |
| High school graduate-diploma | 29.53 | 27.15, 32.03 | 30.12 | 27.35, 33.03 |
| Some college (no degree) or associate degree | 35.21 | 32.67, 37.84 | 33.93 | 30.96, 37.04 |
| Bachelor's degree | 8.09 | 7.16, 9.14 | 9.16 | 8.02, 10.44 |
| Advanced degree | 1.87 | 1.49, 2.34 | 1.95 | 1.50, 2.53 |
| Health Conditions | ||||
| Diagnosed respiratory disease(s) | 24.37 | 22.27, 26.60 | – | – |
| Asthma | 14.24 | 12.41, 16.29 | – | – |
| COPD | 6.75 | 5.60, 8.10 | – | – |
| Emphysema | 3.84 | 2.84, 5.17 | – | – |
| Chronic bronchitis | 8.13 | 6.85, 9.63 | – | – |
| Other | 4.16 | 3.44, 5.03 | – | – |
| Tobacco-related Characteristics | ||||
| Secondhand smoke exposure | 61.86 | 59.39, 64.27 | 59.85 | 56.94, 62.70 |
| Household rule on use of combustible tobacco products | ||||
| Not allowed | 54.74 | 52.16, 57.30 | 57.54 | 54.52, 60.49 |
| Allowed in some places | 26.37 | 24.01, 28.87 | 25.05 | 22.34, 27.97 |
| Allowed in all places | 18.89 | 17.14, 20.77 | 17.41 | 15.43, 19.59 |
| Pack years | 19.33 | 18.07, 20.59 | 16.40 | 15.40, 17.40 |
| P30D cannabis use | 18.01 | 16.98, 19.03 | 24.35 | 21.61, 27.33 |
| Cigarettes per month (30D) | 456.39 | 402.87, 509.92 | 416.55 | 396.22, 436.87 |
| P30D menthol cigarette use | 38.47 | 36.02, 40.99 | 40.93 | 37.99, 43.93 |
M = Geometric mean; CI = confidence interval; P30D = past 30 day; COPD = chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; Creau = creatinine. Notes: Geometric means and percentages are based on weighted data using Wave 4 “all-waves” urine weights; All BOEs were creatinine-standardized and natural log-transformed prior to analysis.