Table 2.
Correlates of respiratory symptoms at follow-up (Waves 2–4) among adults who exclusively smoke cigarettes at baseline (Waves 1–3) of the PATH Study.
|
Adults who Exclusively Smoke Cigarettes |
Adults who Exclusively Smoke Cigarettes without Respiratory Disease(s) |
|||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| n = 4,478 observations |
n = 3,361 observations |
|||||||||||
| n = 2,438 participants |
n = 1,863 participants |
|||||||||||
|
Respiratory Symptom(s) at Follow-up |
Respiratory Symptom(s) at Follow-up |
|||||||||||
|
Yes |
No |
Yes |
No |
|||||||||
| Factors | Weighted M or % | 95% CI | Weighted M or % | 95% CI | aOR | 95% CI | Weighted M or % | 95% CI | Weighted M or % | 95% CI | aOR | 95% CI |
| BOE | ||||||||||||
| Baseline TNE2 (nmol/mg creau) | 0.43 | 0.40, 0.45 | 0.28 | 0.25, 0.30 | 1.07 | 0.94, 1.23 | 0.40 | 0.37, 0.43 | 0.27 | 0.24, 0.30 | 1.06 | 0.92, 1.23 |
| Baseline NNAL (pg/mg creau) | 2.71 | 2.55, 2.88 | 2.03 | 1.86, 2.20 | 1.03 | 0.83, 1.27 | 2.55 | 2.36, 2.77 | 1.99 | 1.80, 2.20 | 0.95 | 0.78, 1.16 |
| Baseline NNN (pg/mg creau) | 0.12 | 0.11, 0.13 | 0.09 | 0.09, 0.11 | 0.90 | 0.79, 1.03 | 0.11 | 0.10, 0.12 | 0.10 | 0.09, 0.11 | 0.89 | 0.77, 1.04 |
| Baseline CEMA (ng/mg creau) | 3.00 | 2.86, 3.16 | 2.61 | 2.48, 2.77 | 0.88 | 0.72, 1.08 | 2.94 | 2.75, 3.13 | 2.59 | 2.44, 2.75 | 0.84 | 0.67, 1.06 |
| Baseline CYMA (ng/ml creau) | 1.58 | 1.51, 1.68 | 1.16 | 1.07, 1.26 | 1.07 | 0.89, 1.27 | 1.55 | 1.45, 1.67 | 1.13 | 1.04, 1.23 | 1.19 | 0.97, 1.47 |
| Baseline Cadmium (pg/mg creau) | 2.91 | 2.69, 3.12 | 2.45 | 2.29, 2.61 | 0.88 | 0.73, 1.05 | 2.53 | 2.33, 2.74 | 2.41 | 2.22, 2.55 | 0.80 | 0.65, 0.98 |
| Baseline Lead (pg/mg creau) | 4.65 | 4.47, 4.84 | 4.25 | 4.09, 4.43 | 1.05 | 0.91, 1.22 | 4.65 | 4.43, 4.89 | 4.21 | 4.01, 4.38 | 1.18 | 0.99, 1.39 |
| Follow-up TNE2 (nmol/mg creau) | 0.34 | 0.31, 0.38 | 0.21 | 0.18, 0.34 | 0.99 | 0.91, 1.08 | 0.32 | 0.29, 0.36 | 0.20 | 0.18, 0.23 | 1.00 | 0.91, 1.10 |
| Follow-up NNAL (pg/mg creau) | 2.41 | 2.24, 2.61 | 1.68 | 1.52, 1.84 | 0.95 | 0.83, 1.09 | 2.29 | 2.09, 2.50 | 1.65 | 1.47, 1.82 | 0.94 | 0.80, 1.11 |
| Follow-up NNN (pg/mg creau) | 0.10 | 0.09, 0.11 | 0.08 | 0.08, 0.09 | 0.93 | 0.82, 1.05 | 0.10 | 0.09, 0.11 | 0.08 | 0.08, 0.09 | 0.95 | 0.81, 1.11 |
| Follow-up CEMA (ng/mg creau) | 2.97 | 2.83, 3.13 | 2.44 | 2.32, 2.56 | 1.34 | 1.06, 1.70 | 2.94 | 2.77, 3.13 | 2.39 | 2.25, 2.53 | 1.46 | 1.12, 1.90 |
| Follow-up CYMA (ng/ml creau) | 1.38 | 1.28, 1.49 | 0.94 | 0.87, 1.03 | 1.11 | 0.96, 1.28 | 1.35 | 1.22, 1.49 | 0.92 | 0.84, 1.01 | 1.10 | 0.93, 1.29 |
| Follow-up Cadmium (pg/mg creau) | 3.09 | 2.88, 3.31 | 2.58 | 2.41, 2.77 | 1.01 | 0.82, 1.25 | 2.74 | 2.53, 2.94 | 2.53 | 2.33, 2.74 | 1.02 | 0.82, 1.27 |
| Follow-up Lead (pg/mg creau) | 4.47 | 4.30, 4.70 | 4.09 | 3.89, 4.30 | 1.04 | 0.87, 1.25 | 4.43 | 4.21, 4.70 | 4.09 | 3.85, 4.30 | 1.01 | 0.82, 1.24 |
| Sociodemographics | ||||||||||||
| Age (years) | 42.62 | 41.61, 43.63 | 40.82 | 39.82, 41.82 | 1.00 | 0.98, 1.01 | 41.02 | 39.82, 42.21 | 40.59 | 39.48, 41.70 | 0.99 | 0.98, 1.01 |
| Sex | ||||||||||||
| Male | 42.60 | 39.23, 46.05 | 47.60 | 43.83, 51.40 | – | – | 45.78 | 41.67, 49.95 | 40.59 | 39.48, 41.70 | – | – |
| Female | 57.40 | 53.95, 60.77 | 52.40 | 48.60, 56.17 | 1.13 | 0.89, 1.44 | 54.22 | 50.05, 58.33 | 50.47 | 46.26, 54.67 | 1.22 | 0.93, 1.61 |
| Race | ||||||||||||
| White | 82.32 | 80.02, 84.42 | 76.29 | 72.86, 79.41 | – | – | 82.61 | 79.90, 85.02 | 76.06 | 72.18, 79.55 | – | – |
| Black | 11.23 | 9.50, 13.23 | 17.28 | 14.32, 20.70 | 0.63 | 0.45, 0.89 | 11.83 | 9.75, 14.28 | 17.81 | 14.49, 21.70 | 0.57 | 0.39, 0.82 |
| Asian | 0.91 | 0.53, 1.54 | 2.27 | 1.57, 3.27 | 0.72 | 0.25, 2.09 | 1.03 | 0.05, 1.94 | 2.32 | 1.56, 3.43 | 0.76 | 0.28, 2.11 |
| Other (includes 2 + races) | 5.54 | 4.53, 6.76 | 4.17 | 3.41, 5.08 | 1.35 | 0.95, 1.92 | 4.54 | 3.66, 5.62 | 3.81 | 3.02, 4.79 | 1.32 | 0.87, 2.00 |
| Ethnicity | ||||||||||||
| Non-Hispanic | 90.06 | 87.80, 91.94 | 88.80 | 86.90, 90.46 | – | – | 92.59 | 91.17, 93.79 | 89.58 | 87.95, 91.01 | – | – |
| Hispanic | 9.94 | 8.06, 12.20 | 11.20 | 9.54, 13.10 | 0.85 | 0.63, 1.13 | 7.41 | 6.21, 8.83 | 10.42 | 8.99, 12.05 | 0.79 | 0.55, 1.12 |
| Educational attainment | ||||||||||||
| Less than high school, some high school (no diploma), or GED | 27.72 | 24.78, 30.87 | 22.61 | 20.09, 25.35 | – | – | 27.84 | 24.36, 31.61 | 22.34 | 19.58, 25.36 | – | – |
| High school graduate-diploma | 26.83 | 23.96, 29.91 | 32.53 | 28.78, 36.52 | 0.70 | 0.52, 0.96 | 26.40 | 23.11, 29.98 | 33.24 | 29.10, 37.62 | 0.68 | 0.50, 0.93 |
| Some college (no degree) or associate degree | 37.03 | 33.54, 40.66 | 33.20 | 29.56, 37.05 | 0.93 | 0.74, 1.18 | 35.59 | 31.31, 40.12 | 32.55 | 28.51, 36.85 | 0.95 | 0.73, 1.24 |
| Bachelor's degree | 6.82 | 5.67, 8.18 | 9.50 | 8.05, 11.18 | 0.92 | 0.67, 1.27 | 8.45 | 6.93, 10.26 | 9.75 | 8.16, 11.62 | 1.01 | 0.70, 1.46 |
| Advanced degree | 1.60 | 1.13, 2.24 | 2.17 | 1.60, 2.93 | 0.70 | 0.37, 1.33 | 1.72 | 1.12, 2.63 | 2.14 | 1.54, 2.96 | 0.73 | 0.36, 1.47 |
| Other Participant Characteristics | ||||||||||||
| Diagnosed respiratory disease(s) | 34.48 | 31.17, 37.95 | 13.16 | 11.23, 15.37 | 2.89 | 2.21, 3.78 | – | – | – | – | – | – |
| Secondhand smoke exposure | 62.45 | 59.03, 65.71 | 61.23 | 57.60, 64.75 | 0.85 | 0.69, 1.06 | 59.47 | 55.25, 63.55 | 60.17 | 56.12, 64.10 | 0.82 | 0.64, 1.05 |
| Household rule on use of combustible tobacco products | ||||||||||||
| Not allowed | 49.86 | 46.37, 53.35 | 60.15 | 56.35, 63.83 | – | – | 52.39 | 48.13, 56.61 | 61.84 | 57.65, 65.86 | – | – |
| Allowed in some places | 28.67 | 25.40, 32.18 | 23.82 | 20.53, 27.45 | 1.41 | 1.03, 1.93 | 27.52 | 23.52, 31.91 | 22.99 | 19.44, 26.97 | 1.54 | 1.07, 2.22 |
| Allowed in all places | 21.47 | 18.97, 24.19 | 16.03 | 13.69, 18.69 | 1.38 | 1.03, 1.85 | 20.10 | 17.13, 23.43 | 15.17 | 12.63, 18.12 | 1.59 | 1.15, 2.20 |
| Pack years | 20.73 | 19.18, 22.28 | 14.99 | 13.71, 16.28 | 1.02 | 1.01, 1.03 | 18.69 | 17.26, 20.13 | 14.49 | 13.09, 15.88 | 1.02 | 1.01, 1.03 |
| P30D cannabis use | 24.88 | 22.04, 27.96 | 22.85 | 19.21, 26.94 | 1.09 | 0.75, 1.58 | 26.06 | 22.52, 29.93 | 22.93 | 18.94, 27.48 | 1.08 | 0.70, 1.65 |
M = Geometric mean; BOE = biomarker of nicotine/tobacco exposure; aOR = adjusted odds ratio; CI = confidence interval; P30D = past 30 day; Creau = creatinine. Notes: Geometric means, percentages, and aORs are based on weighted data using Wave 4 “all-waves” urine weights; All BOEs were creatinine-standardized and natural log-transformed prior to analysis; Diagnosed respiratory disease was a composite (yes/no) variable that included being diagnosed with asthma, emphysema, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), chronic bronchitis and/or other at baseline; Respiratory symptoms was a composite (yes/no) variable that included wheezing/whistling in the chest, wheezing due to exercise, and/or dry mouth in the past 12 months at follow-up; Bolded values denote statistical significance, p < 0.05.