Table 1.
Basic characteristics of the participants.
| Items | Non-OSA group | Pre-OSA group | OSA group | p value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Sample, N (%) | 8,252 (76.22) | 1,684 (15.56) | 890 (8.22) | -- |
| Age, year, mean (S.D.) | 55.47 (10.14) | 59.33 (8.73) | 59.55 (8.36) | <0.001* |
| Body mass index, kg/m2, mean (S.D.) | 23.44 (3.22) | 25.43 (3.68) | 26.68 (3.98) | <0.001* |
| Waist-hip ratio, mean (S.D.) | 0.87 (0.07) | 0.91 (0.06) | 0.93 (0.06) | <0.001* |
| LTPA, MET-hours/week, mean (S.D.) | 43.89 (35.90) | 37.28 (32.07) | 36.84 (34.77) | <0.001* |
| PM2.5 concentration, μg/m3, mean (S.D.) | 49.21 (0.87) | 49.18 (0.89) | 49.16 (0.91) | 0.0786* |
| Gender, N (%) | <0.001† | |||
| Male | 1915 (23.21) | 1,148 (68.17) | 678 (76.18) | |
| Female | 6,337 (76.79) | 536 (31.83) | 212 (23.82) | |
| Marital status, marital, N (%) | <0.001† | |||
| Married | 7,156 (86.72) | 1,547 (91.86) | 825 (92.70) | |
| Others | 1,096 (13.28) | 137 (8.14) | 65 (7.30) | |
| Educational status, mean (S.D.) | 0.013† | |||
| Primary school and lower | 2,970 (35.99) | 600 (35.63) | 308 (34.61) | |
| Junior high school | 2094 (25.38) | 437 (25.95) | 204 (22.92) | |
| Senior high school | 2086 (25.28) | 416 (24.70) | 276 (31.01) | |
| College and above | 1,102 (13.35) | 231 (13.72) | 102 (11.46) | |
| Active smoking, N (%) | <0.001† | |||
| Never | 7,055 (85.49) | 1,002 (59.5) | 485 (54.49) | |
| Occasional | 257 (3.11) | 189 (11.22) | 131 (14.72) | |
| Frequent | 940 (11.39) | 493 (29.28) | 274 (30.79) | |
| Passive smoking, N (%) | <0.001† | |||
| Yes | 3,120 (37.81) | 615 (36.52) | 367 (41.24) | |
| No | 5,132 (62.19) | 1,069 (63.48) | 523 (58.76) | |
| Alcohol drinking, N (%) | <0.001† | |||
| Yes | 1,538 (18.64) | 545 (32.36) | 328 (36.85) | |
| No | 6,714 (81.36) | 1,139 (67.64) | 562 (63.15) | |
| Work intensity, N (%) | <0.001† | |||
| Light | 2,789 (33.80) | 466 (27.67) | 233 (26.18) | |
| Moderate | 855 (10.36) | 186 (11.05) | 95 (10.67) | |
| Vigorous | 448 (5.43) | 84 (4.99) | 55 (6.18) | |
| Retirement | 4,160 (50.41) | 948 (56.29) | 507 (56.97) | |
| Fresh vegetable intake, N (%) | <0.001† | |||
| < once/day | 107 (1.30) | 43 (2.55) | 25 (2.81) | |
| ≥ once/day | 8,145 (98.70) | 1,641 (97.45) | 865 (97.19) | |
| Fruit intake, N (%) | <0.001† | |||
| < once/day | 1,594 (19.32) | 390 (23.16) | 267 (30.00) | |
| ≥ once/day | 6,658 (80.68) | 1,294 (76.84) | 623 (70.00) | |
| Hypertension, N (%) | <0.001† | |||
| Yes | 1,375 (16.66) | 972 (57.72) | 821 (92.25) | |
| No | 6,877 (83.34) | 712 (42.28) | 69 (7.75) | |
| Dyslipidemia, N (%) | <0.001† | |||
| Yes | 5,673 (68.75) | 1,219 (72.39) | 687 (77.19) | |
| No | 2,579 (31.25) | 465 (27.61) | 203 (22.81) | |
| Diabetes, N (%) | <0.001† | |||
| Yes | 603 (7.31) | 159 (9.44) | 108 (12.13) | |
| No | 7,649 (92.69) | 1,525 (90.56) | 782 (87.87) | |
| COPD, N (%) | 0.008† | |||
| Yes | 7,870 (95.37) | 1,577 (93.65) | 840 (94.38) | |
| No | 382 (4.63) | 107 (6.35) | 50 (5.62) | |
| CVDs, N (%) | <0.001† | |||
| Yes | 7,868 (95.35) | 1,538 (91.33) | 805 (90.45) | |
| No | 384 (4.65) | 146 (8.67) | 85 (9.55) | |
| HDL-CH, mmol/L, mean (S.D.) | 1.54 (0.43) | 1.44 (0.41) | 1.39 (0.41) | <0.001* |
| LDL-CH, mmol/L, mean (S.D.) | 3.62 (0.99) | 3.65 (0.97) | 3.69 (0.96) | 0.034* |
| Cholesterol, mmol/L, mean (S.D.) | 5.47 (1.10) | 5.47 (1.07) | 5.54 (1.08) | 0.065* |
| Triglyceride, mmol/L, mean (S.D.) | 1.62 (1.40) | 1.82 (1.48) | 1.99 (1.79) | <0.001* |
| Fasting blood glucose, mmol/L, mean (S.D.) | 5.49 (1.47) | 5.71 (1.72) | 5.88 (1.90) | <0.001* |
*
p value from one-way analysis of variance;
†
p value from Chi-square test.
LTPA, leisure-time physical activity; PM2.5, atmospheric particulate matter (PM) with the diameter of less than 2.5; CVDs, cardiovascular diseases; COPD, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; OSA, obstructive sleep apnea.