TABLE 1.
Characteristics of the included studies on the use of PPI and risks of Gastric Cancer.
| First author, year | Area | Study design | Period of recruitment | Sex (female, %) | Range of age | PPI (n) | Non-PPI (n) | Non-GC (n) | GC (n) | Lag time | NOS score | Adjustment for covariates |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Garcia Rodriguez 2006 | The United Kingdom | Case– control | 1994–2001 | N/A | N/A | 442 | 9,851 | 9,786 | 507 | 1 year | 8 | age, sex, calendar year, smoking, alcohol, BMI, UGI disorder, hiatal hernia, GU, DU, dyspepsia |
| Tamim 2008 | Canada | Nested case- control | 1995–2003 | 47.9 | N/A | 1,299 | 6,930 | 7,158 | 1,071 | 6 months | 8 | number of prescriptions to any drug, totallength of hospitalizations and number of visits to GPs, specialists and emergency rooms |
| Poulsen 2009 | Denmark | Cohort | 1990–2003 | 53 | 40–84 | 18,790 | 262,082 | 280,329 | 543 | 1 year | 7 | age, gender, calendar period, gastroscopy (≥1 year before censoring events), use of NSAIDs and H. pylori eradication |
| Cheung 2017 | Hong Kong | Cohort | 2003–2012 | 53.5 | ≥18 | 3,271 | 60,126 | 63,244 | 153 | 6 months | 8 | Age, sex, comorbidities, smoking, alcohol, aspirin/NSAIDs, H2RA, H. pylori |
| Niikura 2017 | Japan | Cohort | 1998–2017 | 44 | N/A | 118 | 415 | 512 | 21 | N/A | 6 | age, sex, comorbidities, aspirin/NSAIDs, H. pylori |
| Wennerström 2017 | Denmark | Cohort | 1996–2017 | 55.5 | all ages | 1,179,202 | 384,658 | 1,561,810 | 2050 | 1 year | 7 | Age, sex, municipality |
| Lai 2018 | Taiwan | Case-control | 2000–2013 | 34.4 | 20–84 | 539 | 759 | 649 | 649 | 1 year | 6 | Age, sex, comorbidities |
| Brusselaers 2019 | Sweden | Cohort | 2005–2012 | 58.5 | ≥18 | 796,492 | 20,210 | 814,761 | 1941 | 1 year | 7 | age, sex, calendar period |
| Liu (PCCIU) 2020 | The United Kingdom | Case-control | 1999–2011 | 42.9 | all ages | 1,542 | 6,513 | 6,607 | 1,448 | 1–2 years | 7 | age, sex, deprivation, BMI, alcohol, smoking, comorbidities at baseline, statins/aspirin use at baseline |
| Liu (United Kingdom Biobank) 2020 | The United Kingdom | Cohort | 2006–2010 | 54 | 40–70 | 46,146 | 425,633 | 471,529 | 250 | 1–2 years | 7 | age, sex, deprivation, BMI, alcohol, smoking, comorbidities at baseline, statins/aspirin use at baseline |
| Lee 2020 | Northern California | Nested case-control | 1995–2011 | 25.3 | ≥18 | 937 | 10,839 | 10,543 | 1,233 | 2 years | 8 | age, sex, race, chronic alcohol consumption, smoking, BMI, family history of gastric cancer, H. pylori infection, gastric intestinal metaplasia and dysplasia, atrophic gastritis, Barrett’s esophagus, and peptic ulcer disease |
| Seo 2021 | Korea | Cohort | 2002–2013 | 52.1 | N/A | 11,741 | 11,741 | 23,324 | 158 | 2 years | 8 | age, sex, smoking history, alcohol consumption, comorbidities, previous medications including statins, metformin, aspirin, NSAIDs, clopidogrel and H2RA before the index date |