TABLE 3.

Association of Frequent Headaches in Participants With Specific Adverse Childhood Experiences

ACE Category	Adjusted Odds Ratio*, 95% CI, P Value
Victimization
Witnessing a shooting or stabbing	1.12 (0.98–1.28), P = 0.086
Having a knife or gun pulled at you	1.03 (0.90–1.19), P = 0.595
Experiencing a shooting or stabbing	1.07 (0.73–1.58), P = 0.695
Experiencing being jumped or beaten up	0.96 (0.83–1.11), P = 0.621
Lack of parental warmth
Lack of maternal warmth	1.40 (1.12–1.74), P = 0.002
Lack of paternal warmth	1.47 (1.20–1.81), P < 0.001
Household substance abuse
Maternal alcoholism	1.29 (0.99–1.68), P = 0.059
Paternal alcoholism	1.21 (1.05–1.40), P = 0.007
Household mental illness
Family member suicide attempt	1.51 (1.22–1.87) P < 0.001
Family member suicide	1.18 (0.69–2.01) P = 0.541
Neighborhood safety
Not feeling safe in current neighborhood	1.22 (1.06–1.39), P = 0.004

Abbreviation:

ACE = Adverse childhood experience

^*Adjusted for age, sex, race/ethnicity, food, and housing insecurity.