Table 1.
Baseline characteristics of the ASPREE participants by MetS as defined according to ACC/AHA 2018 (N=18,264)
| Baseline characteristics | Total | No MetS | MetS | P value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Participants, n (%) | 18,264 | 9,149 (50.1) | 9,115 (49.9) | <0.001 |
| Fried frailty, n (%) | <0.001 | |||
| Non-frail | 10,760 | 5,675 (52.7) | 5,085 (47.3) | |
| Pre-frail | 7,115 | 3,322 (46.7) | 3,793 (53.3) | |
| Frail | 389 | 152 (39.1) | 237 (60.9) | |
| Frailty index n (%) | <0.001 | |||
| Non-frail | 9,387 | 5,886 (62.7) | 3,501 (37.3) | |
| Pre-frail | 7,416 | 2,885 (38.9) | 4,531 (61.1) | |
| Frail | 1,459 | 377 (25.8) | 1,082 (74.2) | |
| Age, year, mean, (SD) | 75.1 (4.5) | 75.2 (4.6) | 75.0 (4.4) | <0.001 |
| Age group, n (%) | <0.001 | |||
| 65-74 y | 10,688 | 5,349 (50.1) | 5,339 (49.9) | |
| 75-84 y | 6,893 | 3,408 (49.4) | 3,485 (50.6) | |
| ≥85 y | 683 | 392 (57.4) | 291 (42.6) | |
| Gender, n (%) | 0.001 | |||
| Men | 7,983 | 4,251 (53.3) | 3,732 (46.8) | |
| Women | 10,281 | 4,898 (47.6) | 5,383 (52.4) | |
| Body mass index, kg/m2 | 28.1 (4.7) | 26.5 (4.1) | 29.7 (4.7) | <0.001 |
| Waist circumference, cm, mean (SD) | 97.1 (12.8) | 92.8 (11.8) | 101.4 (12.4) | <0.001 |
| Living status, n (%) | 0.138 | |||
| Living alone | 5,967 | 2,942 (49.3) | 3,025 (50.7) | |
| Living with others | 12,297 | 6,207 (50.5) | 6,090 (49.5) | |
| Ethno-racial, n (%) | <0.001 | |||
| Australian white | 15,590 | 7,920 (50.8) | 7670 (49.2) | |
| US white | 1,065 | 564 (53.0) | 501 (47.0) | |
| African-American | 878 | 371 (42.3) | 507 (57.7) | |
| Hispanic/Latino | 469 | 180 (38.4) | 289 (61.6) | |
| Others2 | 261 | 114 (43.7) | 147 (56.3) | |
| Education (y), n (%) | <0.001 | |||
| 12 years or less | 10,464 | 4,922 (47.0) | 5,542 (53.0) | |
| More than 12 years | 7,800 | 4,227 (54.2) | 3,573 (45.8) | |
| Smoking status, n (%) | <0.001 | |||
| Current | 701 | 353 (48.8) | 348 (51.2) | |
| Former | 7,428 | 3,554 (47.9) | 3,874 (52.1) | |
| Never | 10,135 | 5,242 (51.7) | 4,893 (48.3) | |
| Alcohol consumption, n (%) | <0.001 | |||
| Never drinker | 3,186 | 1,404 (44.1) | 1,782 (55.9) | |
| Former drinker | 1,086 | 500 (46.0) | 586 (54.0) | |
| Current moderate drinker3 | 13,533 | 7,050 (52.1) | 6,483 (47.9) | |
| Current higher drinker4 | 459 | 195 (42.5) | 264 (57.5) | |
| Components of MetS5 | ||||
| Increased waist circumference, n (%) | <0.001 | |||
| No | 7,610 | 5,583 (73.4) | 2,027 (26.6) | |
| Yes | 10,654 | 3,566 (33.5) | 7,088 (66.5) | |
| Elevated TG, n (%) | <0.001 | |||
| No | 10,665 | 8,663 (81.2) | 2,002 (18.8) | |
| Yes | 7,599 | 486 (6.4) | 7,113 (93.6) | |
| Low HDL cholesterol, n (%) | <0.001 | |||
| No | 10,474 | 8,583 (82.0) | 1,891 (18.1) | |
| Yes | 7,790 | 566 (7.3) | 7,224 (92.7) | |
| Hypertension, n (%) | <0.001 | |||
| No | 2,713 | 2,195 (80.9) | 518 (19.1) | |
| Yes | 15,551 | 6,954 (44.7) | 8,597 (55.3) | |
| Hyperglycemia, n (%) | <0.001 | |||
| No | 12,628 | 8,044 (63.7) | 4,584 (36.3) | |
| Yes | 5,636 | 1,105 (19.6) | 4,531 (80.4) | |
Abbreviations: MetS: Metabolic syndrome; SD: Standard deviation; TG: Triglycerides; HDL-C: High density lipoprotein-cholesterol; Explanatory notes:
Two participants were excluded because they had recorded a response to less than the minimum of 50 items for deficit accumulation FI
Other ethno-racial groups include Asian, Native Hawaiian, other pacific islanders, Maori, American Indian, aboriginal or Torres Strait Islanders (TSI)
Moderate alcohol drinker: no more than eight standard drinks a week and four drinks on any one day
Current higher drinker: more than eight standard drinks a week and more than four drinks on any day
The diagnostic criteria for metabolic syndrome are from 2018 AHA/ACC Guideline on the Management of Blood Cholesterol: A Report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Clinical Practice Guidelines; and require any three or more of the following five criteria: 1) triglycerides ≥175 mg/dL (≥2.0 mmol/L) or lipid-lowering treatment, 2) fasting glucose ≥ 100 mg//dL (5.6 mmol/L) or drug treatment for elevated glucose, 3) reduced high-density lipoprotein cholesterol: a) in men, < 40 mg/dL (1.0 mmol/L), b) in women, < 50 mg/dL (1.3 mmol/L), or lipid-lowering treatment 4) elevated blood pressure demonstrated by any of the following: a) systolic blood pressure ≥ 130 mm Hg or b) diastolic blood pressure ≥ 85 mm Hg, c) antihypertensive drug treatment in a patient with a history of hypertension, 5) increased waist circumference ≥102 cm for men and ≥88 cm for women.