Table 2.
Multinomial logistic regression showing the relationship between MetS, the components of MetS (ACC/AHA 2018) and pre-frailty/frailty
| Characteristics | Non-frail | Model 1: Unadjusted analysis | Model 2: Adjusted analysis | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Pre-frail (RRR; 95% CI) |
Frail (RRR; 95% CI) |
Pre-frail (RRR; 95% CI) |
Frail (RRR; 95% CI) |
||
| According to Fried Phenotype | |||||
| MetS | Reference | 1.27 (1.20, 1.35) | 1.74 (1.41, 2.14) | 1.22 (1.14, 1.30) | 1.66 (1.32, 2.08) |
| Components of MetS | |||||
| Increased waist circumference | Reference | 1.34 (1.26, 1.43) | 1.61 (1.30, 1.99) | 1.34 (1.25, 1.44) | 1.55 (1.23, 1.96) |
| Elevated TG | Reference | 1.14 (1.08, 1.22) | 1.48 (1.21, 1.82) | 1.10 (1.03, 1.17) | 1.42 (1.14, 1.77) |
| Low HDL-C | Reference | 1.14 (1.07, 1.21) | 1.51 (1.23, 1.85) | 1.07 (1.00, 1.14) | 1.38 (1.11, 1.72) |
| Hypertension | Reference | 1.08 (1.00, 1.17) | 2.26 (1.54, 3.31) | 1.00 (0.91, 1.09) | 2.03 (1.35, 3.05) |
| Hyperglycemia | Reference | 1.26 (1.19, 1.35) | 1.11 (0.90, 1.39) | 1.25 (1.17, 1.34) | 1.08 (0.86, 1.37) |
| According to Frailty Index | |||||
| MetS | Reference | 2.64 (2.48, 2.81) | 4.83 (4.26, 5.46) | 2.69 (2.51, 2.89) | 5.12 (4.45, 5.90) |
| Components of MetS | |||||
| Increased waist circumference | Reference | 3.63 (3.40, 3.88) | 8.67 (7.42, 10.13) | 4.01 (3.72, 4.32) | 10.94 (9.18, 13.03) |
| Elevated TG | Reference | 2.15 (2.02, 2.29) | 3.18 (2.84, 3.57) | 2.18 (2.03, 2.34) | 3.34 (2.94, 3.80) |
| Low HDL-C | Reference | 2.00 (1.88, 2.13) | 2.97 (2.65, 3.32) | 1.91 (1.79, 2.05) | 2.76 (2.42, 3.13) |
| Hypertension | Reference | 1.83 (1.68, 2.01) | 2.71 (2.22, 3.30) | 1.78 (1.61, 1.96) | 2.65 (2.13, 3.29) |
| Hyperglycemia | Reference | 1.61 (1.50, 1.72) | 2.37 (2.11, 2.65) | 1.74 (1.62, 1.86) | 2.78 (2.44, 3.16) |
Abbreviations: MetS: Metabolic syndrome; RRR: Relative Risk Ratio; CI: Confidence Intervals; SD: Standard deviation; TG: Triglycerides; HDL-C: High density lipoprotein-cholesterol; Model 1: Unadjusted analysis; Model 2: Association between MetS and frailty adjusted for age, gender, ethno-racial origin, education, smoking history, alcohol intake and chronic conditions/morbidities (chronic kidney disease, depression, previous cancer history)