Table 2.

Results of the structural model

Paths	B	β	S.E.	P	R2
IL→OLE	0.005	0.031	0.002	*	0.726
SDLS→OLE	0.093	0.099	0.029	**
PAE→OLE	0.714	0.764	0.032	***
NAE→OLE	-0.018	-0.017	0.016	0.246
SDLS→PAE	0.849	0.844	0.021	***	0.713
IL→PAE	0.002	0.014	0.002	0.379
IL→NAE	-0.019	-0.142	0.003	***	0.025
SDLS→NAE	-0.059	-0.068	0.021	**

Note: ^*P < 0.05, ^**P < 0.01, ^***P < 0.001; B = unstandardized path coefficient; β = standardized path coefficient; S.E. = standard error; IL = information literacy; SDLS = self-directed learning skills; PAE = positive academic emotions; NAE = negative academic emotions; OLE = online learning engagement