Table 1.
Worldwide prevalence of Babesia infection in buffaloes, and variation in prevalence in relation to the detection method
| Parameter | No. datasets | No. tested | No. positive | Pooled estimate % based on 95% CI | Heterogeneity I2% |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Overall prevalence | 57 | ||||
| Blood smear | 15 | 5517 | 654 | 10.0 (7.0–13.0) | 98.11 |
| PCR | 25 | 3593 | 460 | 12.0 (9.2–14.7) | 95.33% |
| RLB | 3 | 429 | 46 | 5.9 (−1.8 to 13.7) | 93.22% |
| LAMP | 1 | 165 | 30 | 18.2 (12.3–24.1) | NA |
| ELISA | 10 | 1633 | 743 | 32.7 (13.2–52.2) | 98.93% |
| IFAT | 2 | 163 | 46 | 29.5 (18.0–41.1) | 53.07% |
| LAT | 1 | 314 | 166 | 52.9 (47.3–58.4) | NA |
| Regional prevalence | |||||
| Africa | 10 | ||||
| Blood smear | 2 | 93 | 15 | 40.1 (−26.1 to 106.3) | 96.39% |
| PCR | 4 | 313 | 18 | 4.1 (0.2–8.0) | 74.42% |
| RLB | 1 | 85 | 2 | 2.4 (−0.9 to 5.6) | NA |
| ELISA | 3 | 421 | 180 | 37.7 (18.2–57.1) | 94.05% |
| Asia | 41 | ||||
| Blood smear | 13 | 5424 | 639 | 9.2 (6.1–12.3) | 98.29% |
| PCR | 17 | 2446 | 248 | 10.2 (7.4–13.0) | 93.79% |
| RLB | 2 | 344 | 44 | 7.8 (−5.2 to 20.8) | 96.01% |
| LAMP | 1 | 165 | 30 | 18.2 (12.3–24.1) | NA |
| ELISA | 5 | 567 | 119 | 22.2 (11.1–33.2) | 92.05% |
| IFAT | 2 | 163 | 46 | 29.5 (18.0–41.1) | 53.07% |
| LAT | 1 | 314 | 166 | 52.9 (47.3–58.4) | NA |
| South America | 6 | ||||
| PCR | 4 | 834 | 194 | 25.4 (5.6–45.3) | 98.16% |
| ELISA | 2 | 645 | 444 | 49.3 (3.5–63.5) | 99.43% |
NA not applicable