Table 5.
Worldwide prevalence of miscellaneous tick-borne pathogens of buffaloes, and variation in prevalence in relation to the detection method
| Pathogen | Parameter | No. datasets | No. tested | No. positive | Pooled estimate % based on 95% CI | Heterogeneity I2 % |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Borrelia spp. | Overall prevalence | 5 | ||||
| PCR | 2 | 34 | 1 | 2.4 (−2.6 to 7.3) | 0% | |
| iELISA | 3 | 5617 | 4157 | 68.2 (53.2–83.1) | 98.67% | |
| Regional prevalence | ||||||
| Africa (PCR) | 1 | 26 | 0 | 1.9 (−3.2 to 6.9) | NA | |
| South America (iELISA) | 3 | 5617 | 4157 | 68.2 (53.2–83.1) | 98.67% | |
| Europe (PCR) | 1 | 8 | 1 | 12.5 (−10.4 to 35.4) | NA | |
| Bartonella spp. | Overall prevalence | 5 | ||||
| PCR | 3 | 208 | 3 | 1.5 (−1.9 to 5.0) | 42.93% | |
| Culture | 1 | 103 | 7 | 6.8 (1.9–11.7) | NA | |
| IFAT | 1 | 156 | 25 | 16.0 (10.3–21.8) | NA | |
| Regional prevalence | ||||||
| Africa (PCR) | 2 | 52 | 3 | 5.0 (−3.9 to 13.9) | 50.99% | |
| Asia | 3 | |||||
| PCR | 1 | 156 | 0 | 0.3 (−0.6 to 1.2) | NA | |
| Culture | 1 | 103 | 7 | 6.8 (1.9–11.7) | NA | |
| IFAT | 1 | 156 | 25 | 16.0 (10.3–21.8) | NA | |
| Ehrlichia spp. | Overall prevalence (PCR) | 4 | 328 | 13 | 3.1 (−0.3 to 6.5) | 73.39% |
| Regional prevalence | ||||||
| Africa | 1 | 95 | 3 | 3.2 (−0.4 to 6.7) | NA | |
| Asia | 3 | 233 | 10 | 3.5 (−1.5 to 8.5) | 79.77% | |
| CCHFV | Overall prevalence (ELISA) | 4 | 880 | 145 | 16.0 (9.9–22.1) | 99.48% |
| Regional prevalence | ||||||
| Africa | 3 | 608 | 145 | 23.8 (12.4–35.3) | 99.65% | |
| Asia | 1 | 272 | 0 | 0.2 (−0.3 to 0.7) | NA | |
| Rickettsiae | Overall prevalence (PCR) | 4 | 220 | 0 | 0.7 (−0.4 to 1.7) | 0% |
iELISA indirect ELISA, NA not applicable