Jagani 1982.

Study characteristics
Methods	RCT. Randomisation based on case number. No measure taken to conceal the allocation.
Participants	Intact membranes.
Interventions	5 groups: no treatment (n = 10; exclude); laminaria n = 10 (as many as possible); Foley catheter n = 10 (inflated with 70 ‐ 80 mL water) under traction; amniotomy (n = 10); oxytocin (n = 10) increased by 5 mU/minute every 10 ‐15 minutes. In all groups, each of 10 women, an extraovular catheter with a 5 mL balloon was used to record uterine activity.
Outcomes	CS.
Notes	Setting: USA Study period: not reported Funding: not reported Declarations of interest: not reported
Risk of bias
Bias	Authors' judgement	Support for judgement
Random sequence generation (selection bias)	High risk	Method selected by last digit of the chart number
Allocation concealment (selection bias)	High risk	Inadequate.No measure taken to conceal the allocation.
Blinding of participants and personnel (performance bias) All outcomes	Unclear risk	Not feasible due to nature of intervention
Blinding of outcome assessment (detection bias) All outcomes	Unclear risk	Not reported
Incomplete outcome data (attrition bias) All outcomes	Unclear risk	ITT not mentioned, not clear how many women were actually included.
Selective reporting (reporting bias)	Low risk	All outcome measures were reported
Other bias	Low risk	No other bias detected