Table 1.
Characteristics of included literature and quality evaluation
| Author | Year | Country/region | Study design | Sample size | Age at diagnosis (years) |
Exposure period | Covariate | Outcome | Quality assessment score | PMID |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Elten et al | 2020 | Canada | Cohort study | 754,698 | < 6 | trimesters, childhood | pollutant, sex, maternal age at delivery, smoking,birth weight parity, gestational age | T1D | 7 | 32,120,123 |
| Hathout et al | 2002 | America | Case–control study | 110 | < 18 | childhood | age | 7 | 15,016,145 | |
| Hathout et al | 2006 | America | Case–control study | 402 | 7.4 ± 4 | childhood | age | 7 | 16,629,713 | |
| Jerrett et al | 2017 | America | Cohort study | 453,221 | ≥ 30 | daily 8-h maximum O3 | smoking status, exercise, diet, parental history of diabetes, BMI, neighborhood socio-economic status (SES), education | T2D | 8 | 28,153,529 |
| Li et al | 2021 | Taiwan | Cohort study | 6,426,802 | 65.17 ± 12.82 | daily average concentrations of O3 | age, sex, SES, urbanization level, temperature, humidity and baseline chronic comorbidity status | 8 | 33,412,098 | |
| Renzi et al | 2018 | Italy | Cohort study | 1,425,580 | ≥ 35 | daily 8-h maximum O3 | sex, SES, place of birth, occupation, educationa, preexisting comorbidities, marital status | 8 | 29,253,730 | |
| Yang et al | 2018 | China | Cross-sectional study | 15,477 | 18–74 | long-term | age, sex, BMI, education, family income, smoking, alcohol consumption, diet, exercise, family history of diabetes, and district | 7 | 29,615,239 | |
| Yu et al | 2021 | America | Cohort study | 1,090 | 70.5 ± 6.9 | daily 8-h maximum O3 | age, sex, education, occupation, physical activity, smoking status, and household income at baseline | 7 | 34,494,856 | |
| Hu et al | 2015 | America | Case–control study | 410,267 | / | trimester 1, trimester 2, entire pregnancy | maternal age, race, education, marital status, season of conception and year of delivery, median household income, prenatal care began, urbanization | GDM | 8 | 25,794,412 |
| Jo et al | 2019 | America | Cohort study | 239,574 | 32.4 ± 5.4 | preconception, trimester 1, trimester 2 | maternal age, education, race, household income | 8 | 31,234,004 | |
| Lin et al | 2020 | China | Cohort study | 12,842 | / | trimester 1, trimester 2, two trimesters | maternal age, race, education, marital status, conception season, occupation, temperature, humidity, pre-pregnancy BMI | 8 | 32,739,627 | |
| Liu et al | 2022 | China | Cohort study | 20,113 | 30 | preconception, trimester 1, trimester 2 | maternal age, pre-pregnancy BMI, education, family history of diabetes, parity, season of LMP, temperature | 9 | 34,798,119 | |
| Pan et al | 2017 | Taiwan | Cohort study | 19,606 | 31.9 ± 4.5 | trimester 1, trimester 2, trimester 3 | maternal age, BMI, weight gain, fetal gender, parity and annual household income | 7 | 28,672,129 | |
| Robledo et al | 2015 | America | Cohort study | 219,952 | / | preconception, trimester 1 | maternal age, race and study site | 8 | 25,601,734 | |
| Shen et al | 2017 | Taiwan | Case–control study | 13,434 | 31.30 ± 4.54 | preconception, trimester 1, trimester 2 | season of delivery, number of births, obesity, history of polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), personal monthly income, disease burden, median family income, level of urbanization | 9 | 29,261,145 | |
| Sun et al | 2022 | America | Cohort study | 395,927 | 30.3 ± 5.7 | preconception, trimester 1, trimester 2, entire pregnancy | maternal age, race, education, family household income, pre-pregnancy BMI, smoking, insurance type, season of conception and year of delivery | 8 | 34,563,749 | |
| Wu et al | 2016 | America | Cohort study | 44,949 | / | trimester 1, trimester 2, trimester 3 | maternal age, race, education, median household income | 8 | 29,659,239 | |
| Yao et al | 2020 | China | Cohort study | 5,427 | / | preconception, trimester 1 | maternal age, education, season of blood collection, fruit and dessert intake frequency, pre-pregnancy BMI, parity, physical activity during pregnancy, family history of diabetes, temperature, and relative humidity | 7 | 32,278,159 | |
| Yan et al | 2022 | China | Cohort study | 3,754 | 29.6 ± 4.3 | trimester 1, trimester 2, trimester 3, entire pregnancy | maternal age, diabetes mellitus, pre- pregnancy BMI, pre-pregnancy hypertension and residential region, sex, season of conception | 8 | 3,567,971 |
“/” represent all age groups