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. 2023 Mar 30;15:68. doi: 10.1186/s13195-023-01215-8

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© The Author(s) 2023

Open AccessThis article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated in a credit line to the data.

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Fig. 3 — Ethnic- and gender-specific difference in BAI between participants with and without T2DM and HTN. Values depicted in the bar plot represent the mean of BAI, and values depicted in the error bar represent the standard error of mean. BAI = 0 indicates that the chronological age is the same as the predicted brain age, with higher values indicating an older-appearing brain than chronological age. Asterisk (^*) symbol indicates the following: q-values, FDR-corrected p-values, were obtained using linear regression analyses with adding each two-way interaction term (the presence of each CMS component*gender) to covariates in Korean and UK populations after controlling for the other CMS components. Yen (^¥) symbol indicates the following: q-values, FDR-corrected p-values, were obtained using linear regression analyses with additionally adding each three-way interaction term (the presence of each CMS component*gender*ethnicity) to covariates after controlling for the other CMS components. BAI, brain age index; Kor, Korea; UK, United Kingdom; T2DM, type 2 diabetes mellitus; HTN, hypertension