Table 3.
Survival analysis showing the association between household wealth, neighbourhood deprivation and the risk of frailty
| Unadjusted hazard ratio (95% CI) | Adjusted hazard ratio (95% CI) | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| Model 1 | Model 2 | ||
| Individual characteristics | |||
| Age | 1.08 (1.08; 1.09) | 1.08 (1.07; 1.08) | 1.08 (1.07; 1.09) |
| Female | 1.28 (1.17; 1.41) | 1.20 (1.09; 1.32) | 1.23 (1.12; 1.36) |
| Non-white | 0.60 (0.47; 0.77) | 0.61 (0.47; 0.79) | 0.61 (0.46; 0.78) |
| Education, reference: less than high school | |||
| High school | 0.53 (0.47; 0.61) | 0.89 (0.77; 1.02) | 0.91 (0.79; 1.05) |
| College or higher | 0.48 (0.43; 0.53) | 0.85 (0.76; 0.94) | 0.88 (0.78; 0.98) |
| Marital status, reference: married | |||
| Single | 1.35 (1.11; 1.65) | 1.13 (0.93; 1.38) | 1.13 (0.93; 1.39) |
| Separated/divorced | 1.16 (0.99; 1.36) | 1.11 (0.95; 1.30) | 1.11 (0.95; 1.30) |
| Widowed | 2.65 (2.39; 2.94) | 1.08 (0.96; 1.22) | 1.08 (0.95; 1.22) |
| Smoking behaviour, reference: non-smoker | |||
| Past smoker | 1.18 (1.06; 1.30) | 1.20 (1.08; 1.34) | |
| Active smoker | 1.37 (1.20; 1.56) | 1.62 (1.41; 1.86) | |
| Drinking behaviour, reference: Not at all | |||
| Drink alcohol 4 days a week or less | 0.50 (0.44; 0.57) | 0.72 (0.63; 0.82) | |
| Drink alcohol 5 days a week or more | 0.43 (0.37; 0.50) | 0.71 (0.61; 0.83) | |
| Wealth, reference: 5th (most wealthy) | |||
| 4th quintile | 1.26 (1.07; 1.47) | 1.17 (0.99; 1.36) | 1.14 (0.97; 1.34) |
| 3rd | 1.82 (1.57; 2.11) | 1.42 (1.22; 1.66) | 1.41 (1.21; 1.64) |
| 2nd | 2.38 (2.05; 2.75) | 1.58 (1.35; 1.85) | 1.51 (1.29; 1.77) |
| 1st (least wealthy) | 2.31 (1.98; 2.68) | 2.01 (1.71; 2.37) | 1.86 (1.58; 2.21) |
| Area characteristics | |||
| Area deprivation, reference: 5th (least deprived) | |||
| 4th quintile | 2.33 (2.01; 2.70) | 1.20 (1.04; 1.38) | 1.19 (1.03; 1.37) |
| 3rd | 1.73 (1.50; 2.00) | 1.24 (1.07; 1.44) | 1.22 (1.05; 1.42) |
| 2nd | 1.40 (1.21; 1.62) | 1.42 (1.22; 1.65) | 1.36 (1.17; 1.59) |
| 1st (most deprived) | 1.32 (1.15; 1.52) | 1.61 (1.37; 1.90) | 1.50 (1.27; 1.77) |
Notes: Model 1 is adjusted for age, gender, ethnicity, education level, marital status, wealth and area deprivation. Model 2 is adjusted for age, gender, ethnicity, education level, marital status, smoking and drinking behaviour, wealth and area deprivation.