Table 1.
Main findings from systematic review
| Publication | Age Range | Sample Size | Cross-Sectional or Longitudinal | SU Outcome | Task Name | Stimulus | Condition and/or Contrast | Main Finding | Analysis Type |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Reward Valuation | |||||||||
| Claus et al. (2018) | 14–18 | 198 | Cross-Sectional | Heavy (alcohol + cannabis) SU > Con | Balloon Analogue Risk Task | Money | Mean color > mean white | ↓ bilateral NAcc, L AI, L IFG, thalamus/brainstem | Whole Brain |
| Crowley et al. (2010) | 14–18 | 40 | Cross-Sectional | SUD > Con | Colorado Balloon Game | Money | Choice selection (safe and risky) > no choice selection | ↓ OFC, dlPFC, bilateral ACC, basal ganglia, bilateral insula, R amygdala, L hippocampus, and cerebellum | Whole Brain |
| Dalwani et al. (2014) | 14–18 | 40 | Cross-Sectional | SUD > Con | Colorado Balloon Game | Money | N/A | ↓ bilateral SFG, L MFG, bilateral MTG, bilateral retrosplenial cortex, bilateral LG ↑ bilateral cuneus | ICA/Whole Brain |
| De Bellis et al. (2013) | 13–17 | 56 | Cross-Sectional | SUD > Con (w/psychopathology but not SUD) | Decision-Reward Uncertainty Task | Money | Risky choice selection (with uncertainty) > risky choice selection (no uncertainty) + no risk choice selection | ↑ L SPL, L lateral occipital cortex, and bilateral precuneus | Whole Brain |
| Elder et al. (2019) | 13–14 | 167 | Longitudinal | Prospective SU | Economic Lottery Choice Task | Money | Coefficient of variation – measure of risk for each gamble | ↑ AI predicted ↑alcohol use two years later through externalizing symptoms | ROI |
| Jones et al. (2016) | 13–16 | 26 | Longitudinal | Future binge drinking > Con | Wheel of Fortune | Money | Risky choice selection > safe choice selection | ↓ caudate ↓L IPL, L IFG, bilateral MTG, bilateral STG | ROI Whole Brain |
| Kim-Spoon et al. (2019) | 13–14 | 167 | Longitudinal | Prospective SU | Economic Lottery Choice Task | Money | Coefficient of variation – measure of risk for each gamble | ↑ AI predicted ↑ SU over time among adolescents low in cognitive control | Whole Brain |
| Morales et al. (2018) | 14–15 | 47 | Longitudinal | Prospective AU | Wheel of Fortune | Money | High risk choice selection > moderate risk choice selection | ↑ R middle occipital gyrus, L FG, R precuneus predicted ↑ binge drinking | ROI and Whole Brain |
| Xiao et al. (2012) | 16–18 | 28 | Cross-Sectional | Binge drinkers > Con | Iowa Gambling Task Control Task | Money | Iowa Gambling Task > Control Task | ↑ L amygdala, bilateral insula | Whole Brain |
| Responses to Reward | |||||||||
| Aloi et al. (2019) | 14–18 | 150 | Cross-Sectional | Current SU | Monetary Incentive Delay Task | Money | Reward > Punishment Accurate > Inaccurate | ↓ bilateral NAcc, bilateral PCC, ↑ AU ↓ LG, ↑ AU | ROI and Whole Brain |
| Aloi et al. (2018) | 14–18 | 96 | Cross-Sectional | Current SU | Affective Stroop Task | Positive Emotional Images | Positive > Negative + Neutral stimuli | ↑ R amygdala, ↑ AU | ROI |
| Bertocci et al. (2017) | 9–17 | 73 | Longitudinal | Prospective SU | Monetary Incentive Delay Task | Money | Monetary reward receipt > no loss/reward receipt | ↑ L vmPFC, ↑ SU two years later | ROI |
| Braams et al. (2016) | 9–24 | 169 | Cross-Sectional | Current SU | Gambling Task | Money | Monetary reward receipt > loss receipt when playing self | ↑ R NAcc predicted ↑ AU | ROI and Whole Brain |
| Brumback et al. (2015) | 16–18 | 38 | Longitudinal | Binge drinkers > Con | Alcohol Cue Reactivity | Drug | Alcoholic > neutral beverage images | ↑ bilateral dorsal striatum/globus pallidus, L ACC, bilateral cerebellum, and L PHG | ROI |
| Chaplin et al. (in preparation) | 12–14 | 66 | Longitudinal | Prospective SU | Monetary Incentive Delay Task | Money | Monetary reward receipt > no reward receipt | ↑ NAcc, ↑ SU one year later in boys, not girls | ROI |
| Chung et al. (2015) | 14–18 | 14 | Longitudinal | Current and Prospective SU | Reward Cue Antisaccade Task | Money | Monetary reward anticipation > no reward anticipation | ↓ L NAcc, L amygdala, R vlPFC, and bilateral putamen predicted ↑ CU six months later | ROI |
| Cope et al. (2019) | 8–12 | 34 | Longitudinal | Prospective SU | Monetary Incentive Delay Task | Money | Large monetary reward anticipation > no reward anticipation | ↑ bilateral NAcc predicted ↑ SU one year later | Whole Brain |
| Crowley et al. (2010) | 14–18 | 40 | Cross-Sectional | SUD > Con | Colorado Balloon Game | Money | Correct choice selection reward receipt > No choice selection | ↓ bilateral ACC, bilateral STG, R ITG, R MTG, R precuneus, R FG, bilateral cerebellum | Whole Brain |
| Cservenka et al. (2015) | 12–16 | 34 | Longitudinal | Heavy AU > Con | Wheel of Fortune | Money | Monetary reward receipt > no reward receipt | ↓ L cerebellum at 1 year follow-up, inversely correlated with AU severity | ROI and Whole Brain |
| De Bellis et al. (2013) | 13–17 | 44 | Cross-Sectional | CUD > Con | Decision Reward Uncertainty Task | Money | Monetary reward receipt after risky decision > no reward receipt after risky decision | ↓ OFC | Whole Brain |
| Jager et al. (2013) | 13–19 | 45 | Cross-Sectional | Heavy CU > Con | Monetary Incentive Delay Task | Money | Monetary reward anticipation > no reward anticipation | ↑ L caudate nucleus during no reward anticipation—no findings for reward anticipation | ROI |
| Karoly et al. (2015) | 14–18 | 132 | Cross-Sectional | Heavy TU > Con | Monetary Incentive Delay Task | Money | Monetary reward anticipation > no reward anticipation | ↓ bilateral NAcc | ROI |
| Leiker et al. (2019) | 14–18 | 104 | Cross-Sectional | Current SU | Morphed Emotion Face Processing Task | Positive and negative emotional faces | Happy face > neutral face | ↑ MTP, ↑ AU | ROI |
| Migliorini et al. (2013) | 15–17 | 32 | Cross-Sectional | SUD > Con | CPT with positively valenced soft touch | Touch | Pleasant touch receipt > pleasant touch anticipation | ↑ L AI ↓ bilateral PI | Whole Brain & ROI |
| Nees et al. (2012) | 14 | 324 | Cross-Sectional | Current SU | Monetary Incentive Delay Task | Money | Big monetary reward anticipation > small monetary reward anticipation | BOLD activation was not associated with drinking | ROI |
| Nees et al. (2015) | 14 | 530 | Longitudinal | Heavy AU > Light AU | Monetary Incentive Delay Task | Money | Monetary reward anticipation > neutral monetary reward anticipation | Among Val66Met carriers: ↓ putamen | ROI |
| Prospective AU | Monetary reward receipt > neutral receipt | ↓ putamen, ↑ AU two years later | |||||||
| Peters et al. (2011) | 14 | 86 | Cross-Sectional | Tobacco user > Con | Monetary Incentive Delay Task | Money | Monetary reward anticipation > no reward anticipation | ↓ bilateral NAcc, putamen | Whole Brain |
| Rubinstein et al. (2011) | 13–17 | 24 | Cross-Sectional | Tobacco user > Con | Food Picture Cues | Food | Pleasurable foods > Everyday objects | ↓ R insula, R putamen, R inferior frontal cortex | Whole Brain |
| Stice et al. (2013f) | 14–16 | 162 | Longitudinal | Future SU > Con Current SU > Con | Monetary Incentive Delay Task | Money | Monetary reward receipt > no reward receipt | ↑ L caudate associated with ↑ SU cross-sectionally ↑ L caudate and R putamen predicted ↑ SU initiation one year later | Whole Brain |
| Swartz et al. (2020) | 15–17 | 262 | Cross-Sectional | Prospective SU | Monetary Incentive Delay Task | Money | Monetary reward anticipation > no reward anticipation | ↑ NAcc, ↑ drinking among boys ↑ NAcc, ↓ drinking among girls ↑ dmPFC, ↑ drinking among girls | ROI |
| Tapert et al. (2003) | 14–17 | 30 | Cross-Sectional | AUD > HC | Alcohol and Neutral Picture Cues | Drug | Alcoholic > neutral beverage images | Several regions in frontoparietal and midcingulo-insular regions | Whole Brain |
| Yip et al. (2016) | 11–17 | 68 | Cross-Sectional | Illicit SU > Con | Imagery Script | Food | Favorite food | Adolescents with prenatal cocaine exposure compared to HC: ↓ PHG and cerebellum, ↑ illicit SU ↑ OFC and IFG, ↑ illicit SU | Whole Brain |
| Responses to Negative Emotional Stimuli | |||||||||
| Aloi et al. (2018) | 14–18 | 96 | Cross-Sectional | Current SU | Affective Stroop Task | Negative Emotional Images | Negative Viewing | ↓ IFG, ↑ AU at lower CUD symptoms ↑ IFG, ↑ AU at higher CUD symptoms ↓ L amygdala, ↑ AU at lower CUD symptoms ↑ L amygdala, ↑ AU at higher CUD symptoms | Whole Brain ROI |
| Berk et al. (2015) | 15–17 | 33 | Cross-Sectional | SUD > Con | Breathing Load Task | Breathing load | Breathing load > Anticipation of breathing load | ↑ L AI, bilateral PI | Whole Brain ROI |
| Blair et al. (2019) | 14–18 | 87 | Cross-Sectional | Current SU | Looming Threat Task | Negative Emotional Faces | Looming > receding negative emotion faces | ↓ rmPFC, L fusiform gyrus, cerebellum, ↑ CU | Whole Brain |
| Chaplin et al. (2019) | 12–14 | 66 | Cross-Sectional | Current SU | Negative Emotional Images Task | Negative emotional images | Negative > neutral emotional stimuli | ↑ L AI, ↑ lifetime SU among boys | ROI |
| Elsayed et al. (2018) | 12–14 | 330 | Cross-Sectional | Early alcohol initiators > Late alcohol initiators | Emotion Faces Task | Negative emotional faces | Fearful faces > geometric shapes | ↑ bilateral amygdala, early SU initiation | ROI |
| Leiker et al. (2019) | 14–18 | 104 | Cross-Sectional | Current AU | Morphed Emotion Face Processing Task | Positive and negative emotional faces | Fear face > neutral face | ↑ R MTP, ↑ AU ↓ L IPL, ↑ AU | ROI |
| May et al. (2020) | 15–17 | 47 | Cross-Sectional | SUD > Con and experimenters | Drug Cues with Breathing Cues | Breathing load | High breathing load > no breathing load | ↓ R amygdala, L IFG, L PHG | Whole Brain |
| Spechler et al. (2015) | 14 | 140 | Cross-Sectional | Cannabis User > Non-User | Emotion Face Video Clips | Negative emotional faces | Angry faces > Neutral faces | ↑ bilateral amygdala among cannabis users; no difference between groups | ROI |
| Yip et al. (2016) | 11–17 | 68 | Longitudinal | Current SU | Imagery Script Task | Stressful imagery | Stressful imagery | Adolescents with prenatal cocaine exposure compared to those without: ↓ OFC, anterior prefrontal cortex, PCC, hippocampus, ACC, amygdala, brainstem, ↑ SU | Whole Brain |
| Responses to Non-Reward and Loss | |||||||||
| Aloi et al. (2019) | 14–18 | 175 | Cross-Sectional | Current SU | Monetary Incentive Delay Task | Money | Inaccurate punishment > all other outcomes | ↓ R putamen, L ACC/dmPFC, ↑ CU | ROI and Whole Brain |
| Inaccurate feedback > Accurate feedback | ↑ L cuneus, ↑ drinking ↓ bilateral LG, R putamen, ↑ CU | ||||||||
| Bertocci et al. (2017) | 9–17 | 73 | Longitudinal | Prospective SU | Monetary Incentive Delay Task | Money | Monetary loss > no loss/reward | ↓ L AI to loss, ↑ SU two years later | ROI |
| Crowley et al. (2010) | 14–18 | 40 | Cross-Sectional | SUD > Con | Colorado Balloon Game | Money | Choice selection monetary loss receipt > No choice selection | ↑ bilateral SFG, bilateral MFG, L IFG, bilateral MTG, L precuneus, R paracentral lobule, L brainstem, R cingulate gyrus, L cerebellum | Whole Brain |
| Gonçalves et al. (in press) | 12–14 | 64 | Longitudinal | Prospective AU | Monetary Incentive Delay Task | Money | Monetary Loss Outcome > Neutral Outcome | ↑ L putamen/NAcc, R precuneus, brainstem/pons, ↑ AU initiation | Whole Brain |
Note. Con, control; L, left; R, right; SU, substance use; AU, alcohol use; CU; cannabis use; SUD, substance use disorder; AUD, alcohol use disorder; CUD, cannabis use disorder; NAcc, nucleus accumbens; AI, anterior insula; PI, posterior insula; IFG, inferior frontal gyrus; ITG, inferior temporal gyrus; IPL, inferior parietal lobule; SFG, superior frontal gyrus; SPL, superior parietal lobule; STG, superior temporal gyrus; MFG, middle frontal gyrus; MeFG, medial frontal gyrus; MTG, medial temporal gyrus; MTP, medial temporal pole; LG, lingual gyrus; FG, fusiform gyrus; PHG, parahippocampal gyrus; PCC, posterior cingulate cortex; ACC, anterior cingulate cortex; dlPFC, dorsolateral prefrontal cortex; rmPFC, rostromedial prefrontal cortex; vmPFC, ventromedial prefrontal cortex; vlPFC, ventrolateral prefrontal cortex; mPFC, middle prefrontal cortex; OFC, orbitofrontal gyrus; dmPFC, dorsomedial frontal gyrus