Terms	Definition
Transport infrastructure, services and use—Transport infrastructure (e.g., roads, railways, ports, or airports), upgrading existing links and technology, or improving transport services, such as public bus services. Services available, introduced and usage of the available transport infrastructure.
Infrastructure quantity	Infrastructure increase or growth
Infrastructure quality (inc. safety assessment)	Quality of the available infrastructure (Road quality)
Infrastructure services	Logistics—transportation of the agricultural products, goods and other materials.
Transport time or costs (inc. congestion and VOC)	Access to transport infrastructure, travel time, time taken to access the available transport infrastructure, frequency of service, connectivity, travel cost and Congestion.
	Congestion in transport is a major problem in both developed and developing countries involving high opportunity costs
Market access	Access to market by the population and it also include the access by the enterprises or farmers to sell their goods in the market.
Transport modality (inc. car ownership)	Modes of transportation and it include ownership (Car)
Safe practices	Safe practices such as speed limits, use of helmets and other practices.
Economic Impact—Economic impact analysis is an exercise to determine how a transport intervention project or policy affects the amount and type of economic activity in a region. Provision of transport as a service to reduce poverty by increasing economic efficiency and enhancing opportunities. Transport allows people to reach out to job or its effects on employment opportunities and migration.
Household income and poverty	Increase in household income, Poverty
Economic development	Enterprise development (profitability), GDP and Agricultural production
Employment and migration	Increase in employment opportunities
	Road accessibility has impact on population movements.
Trade and tourism	Transfer of goods and services, trade activities and tourism development and affects.
Location (land use) and prices	Locations of the firm or the household. Effects on the prices of the property.
Displacement	Displacement of the population due to transport infrastructure. (construction, other infrastructure development projects)
Health and education—Transport can affect health, both positive (access to health services, higher income, availability of more diversified diet, etc.) and negative (road traffic injuries, air pollution, and spreading disease).
Education also affected by the transport, it gives access to educational facilities and lack of transport infrastructures affect the educational status of the population.
Access to health facilities	Health facilities—Health centres (Primary and secondary) and Emergency services (Obstetric)
Health outcomes	Health related outcomes—Improved health status, improvement in health conditions disease.
	Spread of disease—Transport systems can also help spread infectious diseases, such as the recent Ebola epidemic (World Bank, 2014) and COVID‐19
	Road traffic injuries—Rise in fatalities and road injuries especially in LMICs due to poor quality of roads and road safety regulations
Access to education facilities	Education facilities such as schools, college, or vocational centres.
Education outcomes	Educational status—School enrolment, attendance rate, dropout rates.
Culture—Cultural effects, both positive and negative consequences of increased mobility within and between nations.
Values, language and social cohesion	Effects on the social cohesion, values of the population (Due to forced displacement and migration)
Cultural heritage
Cultural diversity	Different cultural, its diversity
Environment—Transport system may also disturb ecosystem through deforestation, biodiversity loss, pollution, road kill, and blocking of seasonal migration patterns of wildlife
Air quality	Air pollution caused by vehicle emissions, from increased traffic volumes.
Noise pollution	Sounds of Vehicle and Industrial areas (Transport Hub)
Habitat destruction	Habitat loss and habitat reduction due to improved transport infrastructure
Economic and equity analysis
Cost Analysis inc CBA	CBA—Cost‐benefit/benefit‐cost analysis is an exercise to determine the social welfare effects of transport sector interventions in comparison to costs.
Gender equity	Promoting women travellers, provision or benefits to women in transport infrastructure, Gender promotion.
Transport equity8	Transportation equity or justice usually refers to the fairness with which the impacts of transportation such as benefits and costs are distributed. Horizontal equity, also called fairness and egalitarianism, is concerned with the distribution of impacts between individuals and groups considered equal in ability and need; vertical equity is concerned with the distribution of impacts between individuals and groups that differ in abilities and needs, for example, by income or social class (also called social justice, environmental justice and social inclusion) or in transportation ability and need otherwise known as universal design

⁸Transportation equity or justice usually refers to the fairness with which the impacts of transportation such as benefits and costs are distributed. Horizontal equity, also called fairness and egalitarianism, is concerned with the distribution of impacts between individuals and groups considered equal in ability and need; vertical equity is concerned with the distribution of impacts between individuals and groups that differ in abilities and needs, for example, by income or social class (also called social justice, environmental justice and social inclusion) or in transportation ability and need otherwise known as universal design (Litman, 2018).