Table 1.

Time to inactivate 90% (10% survival) of virus particles at 40° N upon irradiation with UV radiation

Study	Time t10 = time to inactivate 90% of infectious virus (minutes)				Ratio
Measured inactivation times
	21-Jun (Summer) SZA = 16.6° UV-B = 1.83 W m−2 UV-A = 58.5 W m−2 UVI = 10.2	7-Mar SZA = 45.1 UV-B = 0.92 W m−2 UV-A = 40.5 W m−2 UVI = 4.8	21-Feb SZA = 50.8 UV-B = 0.70 W m−2 UV-A = 34.9 W m−2 UVI = 3.6	21-Dec (Winter) SZA = 63.4 UV-B = 0.28 W m−2 UV-A = 21.5 W m−2 UVI = 1.6	Winter/Summer
Saliva on steel [37]	6.8		8.0	12.8	1.9
Growth medium (gMEM) [37]	14.3		17.6	54.4	3.8
Aerosol in saliva [36]	7.5	19
Aerosol in culture medium [36]	12.6	13.6
Calculated inactivation times
Calculated by us, based on the action spectrum by [23] and D10 inactivation dose of 8.1 J m−2 at 254 nm	4.4	7.4	9.1	16.5	3.8
Calculated by us, based on the action spectrum by Lytle and Sagripanti [24] and D10 inactivation dose of 3.2 J m−2 at 254 nm	6.1	18.1	27.2	97.2	15.9
Calculated by Herman et al. [33]. Based on the action spectrum by Lytle and Sagripanti [24] as parameterised by Herman et al. [33] and D10 inactivation dose of 3.2 J m−2 at 254 nm	4.8	13.4	19.8	69.3	14.6
Calculated by Sagripanti and Lytle [43]. Based on the action spectrum by Lytle and Sagripanti [24] and D10 inactivation dose of 6.9 J m−2 at 254 nm	22	63*		> 300	> 14

*Refers to spring equinox on 21 March instead of 7 March