Table 1. Baseline characteristics, functional status, and outcomes.
| All (n = 180) | Positive* (n = 50) | Negative (n = 130) | p-value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Baseline characteristics | ||||
| Age | 73 (9.2) | 73.4 (8.8) | 72.7 (9.4) | 0.659 |
| Male | 92 (51%) | 24 (48%) | 68 (52%) | 0.605 |
| Black | 156 (87%) | 39 (78%) | 117 (90%) | 0.034 |
| Hispanic | 58 (32%) | 20 (40%) | 38 (29%) | 0.166 |
| Site—NYC | 108 (60%) | 40 (80%) | 68 (52%) | 0.001 |
| Smoker (current) | 20 (11%) | 0 (0%) | 20 (15%) | 0.004 |
| Alcohol use | 56 (31%) | 12 (24% | 44 (34%) | 0.229 |
| BMI | 31.4 (9.1) | 31.1 (9.7) | 31.4 (8.3) | 0.773◊ |
| Medications | ||||
| Loop Diuretic | 108 (61%) | 27 (54%) | 81 (64%) | 0.206 |
| Beta Blocker | 90 (51%) | 28 (56%) | 62 (49%) | 0.832 |
| ACE-I/ARB | 117 (66%) | 39 (78%) | 78 (62%) | 0.040 |
| MRA | 24 (14%) | 7 (14%) | 17 (14%) | 0.929 |
| Digoxin | 7 (4%) | 3 (6%) | 4 (3%) | 0.387 |
| NYHA class | 0.714 | |||
| I | 46 (26%) | 14 (28%) | 32 (25%) | |
| II | 91 (51%) | 27 (54%) | 64 (49%) | |
| III | 39 (22%) | 8 (16%) | 31 (24%) | |
| IV | 4 (2%) | 1 (2%) | 3 (2%) | |
| Comorbidities | ||||
| Hypertension | 170 (94%) | 47 (94%) | 123 (95%) | 0.872 |
| DM | 113 (63%) | 27 (54%) | 86 (66%) | 0.131 |
| CKD | 53 (29%) | 13 (26%) | 40 (31%) | 0.529 |
| COPD | 31 (19%) | 7 (14%) | 27 (21%) | 0.299 |
| Total number | 5.6 (2.1) | 5.3 (1.9) | 5.7 (2.1) | 0.265 |
| Social determinants of health | ||||
| Medicaid Insurance | 82 (46%) | 32 (64%) | 50 (38%) | 0.002 |
| ADI | 4 (4) | 4 (3) | 5 (4) | 0.209◊ |
| Health literacy score | 2 (1) | 2 (1) | 2 (1) | 0.889◊ |
| Trust in healthcare providers | 69 (8) | 69 (10) | 67 (6) | 0.063◊ |
| Perceived discrimination | 6 (5) | 6 (5) | 7 (6) | 0.283◊ |
| Functional status | ||||
| SPPB | 8 (4) | 9 (4) | 8 (4) | 0.140◊ |
| 6MWT (meters) | 269 (118) | 256 (123) | 274 (116) | 0.414 |
| KCCQ Overall | 62.5 (40.6) | 63 (41.1) | 62.5 (40.3) | 0.762◊ |
| Outcomes | ||||
| Hospitalized, ≥ 1 time | 84 (47%) | 24 (48%) | 60 (46%) | 0.824 |
| Hospitalized, ≥ 2 times | 34 (19%) | 11 (22%) | 23(18%) | 0.508 |
| Deaths | 6 (3.3%) | 3 (6%) | 3 (2.3%) | 0.216 |
Reported as mean (sd) or median (IQR) for continuous; n(%) for categorical
* 40 (80%) by antibody test, 10 (20%) by PCR test
** 6 months before baseline visit and/or during follow up
◊ Mann-Whitney test due to lack of normal distribution
Abbreviations: NYC, New York City; BMI, body mass index; ACE-I, angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor; ARB, angiotensin II receptor blockers; MRA, mineralocorticoid receptor antagonists; NYHA, New York Heart Association; DM, diabetes mellitus; CKD, chronic kidney disease; COPD, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; ADI, area deprivation index; SPPB, short physical performance battery; 6MWT, six-minute walk test; KCCQ, Kansas City cardiomyopathy questionnaire