Table 3.

Major physiologically relevant non-enzymatic post-translation modifications ^a

Modification	Modifying agent	Targeted residues/groups	Comment	Ref
Fructosyllysine	glucose	Lys, N-terminal and PE amino groups	AGE	[145]
CML	glucose, glyoxal, glycolaldehyde, PUFA	Lys, N-terminal amino groups	oxidative AGE, ALE	[171]
CEL	methylglyoxal, PUFA	Lys, N-terminal amino groups	AGE, ALE	[172]
G-H1	glyoxal	Arg	AGE	[73]
MG-H1	methylglyoxal	Arg	AGE	[59]
Argpyrimidine	methylglyoxal	Arg	AGE	[173]
Oxidation	hydroxyl and superoxide radicals	Cys, Met, Trp	NE-PTM	[174–176]
Halogenation	HOCI, HOBr	Tyr, Trp, Lys	NE-PTM	[177,178]
Nitration	peroxynitrite	Tyr	NE-PTM	[176]
Deamidation	n/a	Asn and Gln	NE-PTM	[53]
MOLD/GOLD ^b	methylglyoxal, glyoxal	Lys	AGE	[179,180]
Pentosidine ^b	glucose	Lys and Arg	oxidative AGE	[181]
Glucosepane ^b	glucose	Lys and Arg	AGE	[182]

This table includes only major physiologically relevant NE-PTMs and is not a comprehensive list of known NE-PTMs. CML, carboxymethyllysine; CEL, carboxyethyllysine; G-H1, 5-hydroimidazolone; MG-H1, 5-hydromethyl imidazolone; MOLD/GOLD, methylglyoxal/glyoxal lysine dimer; PUFA, polyunsaturated fatty acids; HOCI, hypochlorous acid; HOBr, hypobromous acid; PE, phosphatidylethanolamine; AGE, advanced glycation end-products; ALE, advanced lipoxidation end-products.

AGE crosslinks