Table 4.

Associations between fracture risk and AGE measurements as indicated by hazard ratio (HR), relative risk (RR), or odds ratio (OR). Red font indicates a non-significant association.

Population	Sample size	Follow up (years)	Predictor	Unadjusted risk ratio (95% Cl)	Adjusted risk ratio (95% Cl)	Fx site	P-value	Ref
Post-menopausal Japanese women	432	5.2±3.3	A log increase in urinary PE	HR: 5.16 (2.95-8.78)	Not reported	VB	<0.01	[101]
			highest quartile of urinary PE over other PE quartiles	Not reported	1.33 (1.01-1.76)a	VB	0.04
Post-menopausal French women	396	10.1±2.6	A log increase in urinary PE	HR: 2.65 (1.23-5.76)	HR: 1.23 (0.54-2.82) b	Any	0.01; 0.62	[102]
			highest quartile of urinary PE over other PE quartiles	HR: 1.55 (0.98-2.48)	HR: 1.16 (0.72-1.90) b	Any	0.06; 0.56
Post-menopausal Japanese women	765	5.1 c	1 SD increase in urinary PE	Not reported	HR: 1.18 (1.05-1.33)d	VB	0.005	[103]
					HR: 1.11 (0.88-1.41)d	Long bone	0.381
Elderly Caucasian and African American men and women (≥65 yo)	3373	9.22 (5.12, 11.42) c	1 SD increase in serum CML	HR: 1.27 (1.16-1.40	HR: 1.25 (1.13-1.38) e	Hip	<0.001;<0.001	[105]
					HR: 1.18 (1.06-1.31)f		0.003
Post-menopausal Japanese women	517	No (−) prevalent fx vs. (+) prevalent fx	1 SD increase in urinary log-PE	Not reported	OR: 1.93 (1.09-3.41)g	Any	0.024	[104]
Elderly females and males (70-79 yo) in the US with and without diabetes	427 (non- DM)	7.5±2.7	1 SD increase in urinary log-PE	RR: 0.97 (0.72-1.30)h	RR: 1.08 (0.79-1.49) i	Any	0.817; 0.630	[106]
				501 (T2D)	RR: 1.50 (1.22-1.85)h		RR: 1.42 (1.10-1.83) i		<0.00; 0.007
Japanese men and women (50-85 yo) with T2D	77 (M)	No (−) VB fx vs. (+) VB fx	1 SD increase in serum PE	Not reported	OR: 0.79 (0.41-1.52)j	VB	0.475	[107]
	76 (F)			Not reported	OR: 2.50 (1.09-5.73)j		0.030
Age-matched females and males in the US with and without diabetes	2332 (non-DM)	Clinical Fx: 10.9±5.2	1 SD increase in log CML	1.07 (0.98–1.16)k	1.03 (0.94–1.13)l	Any	0.16; 0.50	[109]
	712 (T2D)	Clinical Fx: 9.6±5.1	1 SD increase in log CML	1.45 (1.22–1.73)	1.49 (1.24– 1.79)		< 0.001<0.001

^acovariates in model were baseline age, lumbar aBMD, and number of prevalent vertebral fractures

^bcovariates in model were baseline age, T-score of hip aBMD, and number of prevalent fractures

^cmedian follow up with or without interquartile range being reported (otherwise, mean±SD)

^dcovariates in model were baseline age, body weight, diabetes mellitus, lumbar aBMD, prior fracture, and presence of back pain

^ecovariates in model were age, gender, race/ethnicity, and clinic site

^fcovariates in model were age, gender, race/ethnicity, and clinic site plus prevalent coronary heart disease, smoking, body mass index (BMI), alcohol use, level of physical activity, and baseline eGFR

^gcovariates in model were age, gender, body weight and height, aBMD, smoking, alcohol drinking, urine NTx, serum hCRP, diabetes mellitus, and hypertension

^hcovariates in model were age, gender, and race/ethnicity

ⁱcovariates in model were age, gender, race/ethnicity, current smoker, baseline aBMD of hip, baseline weight, weight loss, cystatin-C, HbA1C, and use of vitamin D supplements, calcium supplements, and relevant medications.

^jcovariates in model were age, body weight and height, HbA1C, eGFR, duration of diabetes, duration of postmenopausal state (F), presence of retinopathy or neuropathy, alcohol consumption, smoking, prevalent nonvertebral fractures, lumbar aBMD, and use of insulin/pioglitazone.

^kcovariates in “unadjusted” model were age, race, sex, and clinic site.

^lcovariates in “adjusted” model were age, race, sex, clinic site, current smoking status, total hip BMD, weight, weight loss of 5+ pounds in year before baseline, cystatin-C, A1c, and medication use.