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. 2023 Mar 29;27:98–112. doi: 10.1016/j.bioactmat.2023.03.017

Fig. 4.

Fig. 4

Comparison of EVs and soluble factors' paracrine functions in vitro. (A) The proliferation of chondrocytes was analyzed by quantitation of DNA amounts after 48 h treatment, presented as ratio to NC group. (B) H&E staining of migrated chondrocytes and quantitative analysis of cell migration. Scale bar = 200 μm. (C) Histological and immunohistochemical staining of chondrocyte pellets after 7 days with IL-1β induced inflammation and quantitative analysis of COL-2, COL-1, ADAMTS5 content. Scale bar = 200 μm. (D) Quantitative analysis of sGAG deposition in chondrocyte pellets after 7 days with IL-1β induced inflammation. (E) Transcription of TLR1 and TLR4 genes in chondrocyte pellets after 7 days with IL-1β induced inflammation. (F) SA-beta-Gal staining of senescent chondrocytes (blue colour) and quantitative analysis of senescence, presented as ratio to NC group. Scale bar = 100 μm. (G) Transcription of ALP genes in MSCs after 7 days osteogenic differentiation, presented as ratio to NC group. All data represent the mean ± standard deviation, n = 4. ^ denotes p < 0.05 compared to the NC; @ denotes p < 0.05 compared to the PC; * denotes p < 0.05 compared to NCM; φ denotes p < 0.05 compared to HCM; ω denotes p < 0.05 compared to HEV. (H) Transcription of IL-1β, TNF-α, and IL-6 genes in macrophages, presented as ratio to M1 macrophages. (I) Quantification of cytokine proteins (IL-1β, TNF-α, and IL-6) released from macrophages, presented as ratio to M1 macrophages. Data represent the mean ± standard deviation, n = 4. ^ denotes p < 0.05 compared to the M0; @ denotes p < 0.05 compared to the M1; * denotes p < 0.05 compared to NCM; φ denotes p < 0.05 compared to HCM; ω denotes p < 0.05 compared to HEV.