Table 2.

Maxillary and mandibular absolute mean errors (mm) of landmark points with 95% CI and Cohen’s weighted kappa coefficients of crowding categorization.

Model	ResNet50	ResNet101	VGG16	VGG19
Maxilla
Mean error	0.97	0.92	0.85	0.84
95% CI	0.92–1.02	0.87–0.97	0.80–0.90	0.79–0.89
Weighted Kappa	0.65	0.67	0.71	0.73
Mandible
Mean error	1.34	1.07	1.07	1.06
95% CI	1.22–1.46	0.97–1.17	0.97–1.17	0.96–1.16
Weighted Kappa	0.61	0.68	0.71	0.73

CI confidence interval.