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. 2023 Mar 30;13:5219. doi: 10.1038/s41598-023-31554-3

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© The Author(s) 2023

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Male Foxp2-R552H mice produced USVs with different properties as a function of relative spatial location compared to their WT littermates. (A) The duration of male USVs was substantially longer for WT males than for Foxp2-R552H males (comparison of top two rows). Male USV duration depended on both angle and distance (bottom rows, controls: blue; Foxp2-R522H: orange). (B) The Wiener entropy of Foxp2-R552H USVs was greater than those of WT USVs, and dependent on both angle and distance. (C) The frequency range of Foxp2-R552H and WT did not differ strongly and showed mostly insignificant dependence on distance and angle. (D) The sound level of Foxp2-R552H USVs was smaller than that of WT USVs, in particular for distances > 10 cm and angles > 100°, indicating snout-to-ano-genital contact with the animals facing in opposite directions. In the top two plots, hue indicates the respective average USV property in a given location while the opacity indicates the density of USVs (using the spatial vocalization density; see Fig. 4, last column). The hues do not correspond to the colors of the strains. Significances for all comparisons are given in the figure, i.e. Wilcoxon tests between groups (between first two rows, in addition to mean ± s.d. for each group); for the bottom two rows Kruskal–wallis ANOVA tests for within group and across angle/distance (colored according to group); 2-way ANOVA significance for combined group and angle/distance comparison (black).