Table 1.

Suggested environment and timeline to address the fundamental research questions.

Open fundamental scientific questions (knowledge gaps)	Future space experiments and suitable environments (ground-based platforms, LEO (ISS), Moon, Mars, BLEO)	Timeline: short (3 years), medium (5 years), long (10 years)
Basic issues of adaptation
What critical markers including the psychological and social variables and human behavior and performance competencies provide meaningful information on individual and team function during LDSE missions?	Ground-based platforms, LEO (ISS), Moon	Short, Medium
How do stressors unique to LDSE missions impact upon individual and team functions?	Ground-based platforms, LEO (ISS), Moon, Mars, BLEO	Short, Medium, Long
What impact do individual and team characteristics have upon adaptability and the function of the crew during space missions?	Ground-based platforms, LEO (ISS), Moon	Short, Medium
What resources are needed, and which approaches should be used to enable effective coping and self-regulation during and after return from LDSE missions?	Ground-based platforms, LEO (ISS), Moon	Short, Medium
How do spaceflight stressors, demographic criteria, individual and crew characteristics, and self-regulatory approaches, interact to impact upon individual and team function in space?	Ground-based platforms, LEO (ISS), Moon, Mars, BLEO	Short, Medium, Long
Countermeasures
What modifications to selection and additional training is needed to ensure safe and effective individual and team function during missions beyond LEO?	Ground-based platforms, LEO (ISS)	Short, Medium
What resources and equipment need to be provided, and individual and team-based countermeasures developed, to enable effective monitoring, diagnosis, and support during LDSE missions?	Ground-based platforms, LEO (ISS)	Short, Medium
How should systems, architectures, and habitats be designed to ensure optimal individual and team function during missions beyond LEO?	Ground-based platforms, Moon, Mars, BLEO	Short, Medium, Long