. 2023 Mar 30;9:27. doi: 10.1038/s41526-023-00270-7

Table 2.

Available and to be developed countermeasures.

Countermeasure	Description	Pre	During	Post	Target (well-being and/or performance)
Mindfulness training⁹	Training and using skills to be present and attentive to physical and psychological states	X	X	X	W, P
Relaxation training⁹	Training and using skills to reduce arousal/activation levels	X	X	X	W, P
Adaptative team training^25,26	Training and using skills to cooperate, coordinate and communicate effectively as a team	X	X		P
Mental skills and resilience training²⁷	Training and using skills to withstand stress and maintain and optimize performance	X		X	W, P
Human behavior and performance competency training²⁸	Training human behavior and performance competencies needed to be an effective crewmember	X			W, P
Simulation training²⁹	Simulation training that mimics spaceflight technical tasks	X			P
Cognitive monitoring³⁰	Regular assessment of cognitive function		X	X	P
Skill fade mitigation²⁹	Simulation tests that maintain a baseline level of skill on technical tasks	X	X		P
Yoga, Ta Chi, exercise	Different exercises used as a stress reduction countermeasure	X	X		W
Journaling³¹	Keeping a diary—narrative therapy as a potential stress intervention		X		W
Virtual reality—sensory stimulation²⁹	Using VR to access other environments	X	X		W
Virtual reality—social connection³²	Using VR to increase relatedness in interpersonal interactions	X	X		W
Robotic assistance/conversational AI	Task and emotional support provided by smart robots/conversational AI	X	X		W, P
Private psychological conference	Speaking to an on-call psychologist		X		W, P
Private family conferences	Speaking to family and friends		X		W
Care packages	Receiving surprise care packages, treats, gifts		X		W
Performance debriefing	Team debriefs designed to capture lessons learned and improve function		X	X	P
Food and shared meals	Purposely making time for crew meals to build cohesion		X		W
Celebrations	Actively marking milestones and celebrating important dates		X		W
Crew discretionary events (non-public)	Crew time to engage in their own choice of events		X		W
Private homepages—crewmember interests	Somewhere crewmembers can upload and share their own experiences		X		W
Entertainment access	Providing access to required entertainment systems for spare time		X		W
Arts (music, photography)	Artistic opportunities as a way of using spare time		X		W