Table 2.

Advantages and limitations for the non-pharmacological treatment of Helicobacter pylori.

Non-pharmacological	Advantages	Limitations	Reference
Probiotics therapy	Increased eradication rate, decreased side effects, less influence on gut microbiota	Low eradication rate of monotherapy	Losurdo et al. (2018), He et al. (2022), Viazis et al. (2022)
Oxygen-enriched environment or hyperbaric oxygen therapy	Enhanced ability of immune cells to phagocytize, synergistic effect with antibiotics	Different genotypes of H. pylori respond differently to oxygen	Al-Waili and Butler (2006), Turhan et al. (2009), Park and Lee (2013)
Antimicrobial photodynamic therapy	Targeting bacteria, killing the drug-resistant strains	Difficulty in vitro experiments	Luzzi and Tortora (2022), Yang et al. (2022)
Nanomaterials	High efficacy and therapeutic index, excellent synergy with antibiotics, enhanced performance of drug delivery and release	Toxicity and difficulty in degradation	Mba and Nweze (2021), Patil-Sen (2021)
Antimicrobial peptides	Significant selectivity to bacterial cells, broad-spectrum activity, cost-effective synthesis	Instability, poor bioavailability, short half-life and cytotoxicity	Li et al. (2022), Mba and Nweze (2022)
Phage therapy	Easy to isolate, high specificity, no adverse immune responses and no impact on human microbiome	Susceptible to stomach acid and digestive enzymes	Nobrega et al. (2016), Vinner et al. (2019), Anyaegbunam et al. (2022)
Modified lysins	Penetrating the outer membrane of bacteria	Producing neutralizing antibodies	Xu et al. (2020), Abdelrahman et al. (2021)