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. 2023 Mar 17;14:1146099. doi: 10.3389/fendo.2023.1146099

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Copyright © 2023 Nguyen, Khafagy, Hashemy, Kuo, Roshandel, Paterson and Dash

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Univariable Mendelian Randomization (MR) Analysis — Exposure: fasting insulin (FI), Outcome: HbA1c— (A) Scatter plot showing the single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) associated with FI against SNPs associated with HbA1c (vertical and horizontal black lines around points show 95% confidence intervals (CI) for five different Mendelian Randomization (MR) association tests (B) Funnel plot of the effect size against the inverse of the standard error for FI against HbA1c.