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Proposed pathways for molecular procedures of natural immunomodulatory effects. Natural products have inhibitory effects on tumors by enhancing effector T-cells and natural killer cells, reducing CD4+ CD25+ Foxp3+ regulatory T-cells (Tregs), decreasing myeloid-derived suppressor cells, lowering TGF-, IL-5, IL-10, indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase, and ARG1 levels, promoting IL-12, IFN-γ, and TNF-α/β production, and inhibiting PD-L1 and CTLA-4 in order to prevent Treg cell-cell interaction.
