Table 1. Bleeding Rates After Pediatric Tonsillectomy, by Patient Characteristic.
| Characteristic | Total, No. (%) | Bleeding rate (%) | OR (99% CI) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Age ≥12 y | |||
| No | 87 416 (90.7) | 1.91 | 1 [Reference] |
| Yes | 8999 (9.3) | 4.80 | 2.59 (2.22-2.99) |
| Age group | |||
| Infant | 173 (0.2) | 1.73 | 1 [Reference] |
| Early childhood | 55 464 (57.5) | 1.64 | 0.95 (0.21-4.25) |
| Late childhood | 33 913 (35.2) | 2.44 | 1.42 (0.32-6.38) |
| Adolescent | 6865 (7.1) | 5.21 | 3.12 (0.69-14.07) |
| Sex | |||
| Female | 41 284 (42.8) | 2.10 | 0.94 (0.84-1.05) |
| Male | 55 119 (57.2) | 2.24 | 1 [Reference] |
| Race and ethnicity | |||
| Asian | 1829 (1.9) | 2.62 | 1.20 (0.81-1.76) |
| Black | 20 183 (20.9) | 1.64 | 0.74 (0.63-0.88) |
| Hispanic | 18 542 (19.2) | 2.71 | 1.24 (1.07-1.43) |
| White | 46 954 (48.7) | 2.20 | 1 [Reference] |
| Other | 8907 (9.2) | 2.08 | 0.94 (0.81-1.16) |
| Payer | |||
| Government | 55 665 (57.7) | 2.13 | 1 [Reference] |
| Private | 37 201 (38.6) | 2.16 | 1.02 (0.90-1.15) |
| Other | 3549 (3.7) | 3.16 | 1.50 (1.16-1.94) |
| Opportunity Index | |||
| Very low | 21 383 (22.2) | 2.04 | 1 [Reference] |
| Low | 19 725 (20.5) | 2.10 | 1.03 (0.86-1.23) |
| Moderate | 17 504 (18.2) | 2.23 | 1.10 (0.91-1.31) |
| High | 15 634 (16.2) | 2.30 | 1.13 (0.94-1.36) |
| Very high | 16 680 (17.3) | 2.58 | 1.27 (1.06-1.51) |
| Missing data | 5489 (5.7) | 1.26 | 0.6 (0.44-0.85) |
| Urban zip code | |||
| No | 13 741 (14.3) | 1.87 | 1 [Reference] |
| Yes | 81 271 (84) | 2.24 | 1.20 (1.01-1.43) |
| Complex chronic condition | |||
| No | 79 319 (82.3) | 2.12 | 1 [Reference] |
| Yes | 17 096 (17.7) | 2.45 | 1.16 (1.01-1.34) |
| Premature birth | |||
| No | 95 785 (99.3) | 2.18 | 1 [Reference] |
| Yes | 630 (0.7) | 1.75 | 0.80 (0.36-1.75) |
| Cardiovascular disease | |||
| No | 94 063 (97.6) | 2.16 | 1 [Reference] |
| Yes | 2352 (2.4) | 2.81 | 1.31 (0.94-1.81) |
| Gastrointestinal disease | |||
| No | 92 897 (96.4) | 2.15 | 1 [Reference] |
| Yes | 3518 (3.6) | 2.84 | 1.33 (1.02-1.74) |
| Neurologic disorder | |||
| No | 93 756 (97.2) | 2.18 | 1 [Reference] |
| Yes | 2659 (32.8) | 2.11 | 0.97 (0.68-1.37) |
| Genetic variation | |||
| No | 89 597 (92.9) | 2.16 | 1 [Reference] |
| Yes | 6818 (7.1) | 2.45 | 1.14 (0.92-1.41) |
| Trisomy 21 | |||
| No | 91 601 (95.0) | 2.17 | 1 [Reference] |
| Yes | 4814 (5.0) | 2.39 | 1.10 (0.86-1.42) |
| Obstructive sleep apnea | |||
| No | 43 059 (44.7) | 2.24 | 1 [Reference] |
| Yes | 53 356 (55.3) | 2.13 | 0.95 (0.85-1.06) |
| Chronic tonsillitis | |||
| No | 94 654 (98.2) | 2.16 | 1 [Reference] |
| Yes | 1761 (1.8) | 3.29 | 1.54 (1.09-2.19) |
| Obesity | |||
| No | 85 329 (88.5) | 2.05 | 1 [Reference] |
| Yes | 11 086 (11.5) | 3.18 | 1.57 (1.35-1.83) |
| Died (after index stay) | 0 (0) | 0 | NA |
Abbreviations: NA, not applicable; OR, odds ratio.